5 The Ascomycetous Cell Wall: From a Proteomic Perspective
Cell walls are essential organelles for fungi; they define cell shape during growth and provide osmotic integrity and protection against harmful influences in the growth environment. Fungal walls also play an important role in developing fungal infections
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The Ascomycetous Cell Wall: From a Proteomic Perspective
PIET W.J. DE GROOT1, ALBERT D. DE BOER1, BERND W. BRANDT2, EULOGIO VALENTI´N3
CONTENTS I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. Cell Wall Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Three Classes of Cell Wall Proteins . . . . . . . B. Cell Wall Proteomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. Saccharomycetales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Saccharomyces cerevisiae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Candida albicans and Related Pathogenic CTG-Clade Candida Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Candida glabrata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Kluyveromyces lactis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Schizosaccharomyces pombe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Aspergillus spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI. Fusarium oxysporum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII. Botrytis cinerea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII. Conclusions and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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I. Introduction Fungal cell walls are essential organelles that define cell shape and provide osmotic integrity and strength to resist the high internal turgor pressure (Klis et al. 2007b). For pathogenic fungi, the fungal wall is the interface between pathogen and host and therefore plays an important role in the infection process and in host immune recognition (Hall and Gow 2013). The cell wall also provides protection against harmful factors in the external growth environ1
Regional Center for Biomedical Research, Albacete Science and Technology Park, University of Castilla–La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 3 Departamento de Microbiologı´a y Ecologı´a, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
ment through its limited porosity and scavenging of oxidative molecules, while at the same time, it also plays a role in acquiring scarce nutrients such as iron from the environment (Klis et al. 2007b; Latge´ 2007). Ultrastructural studies using electron microscopy have shown the cell walls in many ascomycetous fungi as a bilayered structure, an internal polysaccharide matrix that is surrounded by a layer mainly packed with secretory glycoproteins; see, for instance, Backhaus et al. (2010), De Groot et al. (2008), Ene et al. (2012), Kurtz et al. (1994), Osumi (2012), Schoffelmeer et al. (1999), and Tokunaga et al. (1986). Based on ample evidence from biochemical and proteomic studies with purified wall extracts, it is generally assumed that the proteins in the outer layer are covalently bound to the internal glycan matrix (Klis et al. 2007b, 2009; Ecker et al. 2006; Fujii et al. 1999).
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