A color watermarking scheme in frequency domain based on quaternary coding
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A color watermarking scheme in frequency domain based on quaternary coding Decheng Liu1 · Qingtang Su1 · Zihan Yuan1 · Xueting Zhang1 Accepted: 5 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract With the continuous development of the computer network information technique, the problem of copyright protection of color images is increasingly getting prominent. Based on above issue, this paper presents a quaternary watermarking of color image using Schur decomposition. The superiorities of the presented scheme contains three points: Firstly, the algorithm obtains the maximum eigenvalue of the pixel block using Schur decomposition that have a high efficiency, and accomplishes the hiding and blind detection of color watermark by quantifying the maximum eigenvalue to four intervals. Secondly, the algorithm uses affine transform that have high security to encrypt the location of the color watermark pixels, which improves the security of the watermarking algorithm. Thirdly, the new idea of four intervals quantization is proposed to apply to this scheme. Simulation consequences indicate that the presented scheme can satisfy the needs of visual imperceptibility, and also has large watermark capacity, strong robustness and high security. Keywords Color watermarking · Affine transform · Schur decomposition · Quaternary coding
1 Introduction With the rapid progress of the network, people are increasingly exchanging information via the Internet. The communication of digital media information has reached unprecedented depth and breadth. Video, audio and image are increasingly coming into people’s lives. However, the color images distortion, tampering, plagiarism and other infringements are also coming out. The copyright protection problem of color digital image has received the widespread attention. Digital watermarking technology is an important branch of information hiding technology. It views the information related to media, author, copyright or license as watermark information, and embeds them into digital carriers such as audio, video, image or text in a perceptive or non-perceptive way. Such data may be detected or extracted from the media where necessary and may be used to prove the copyright of the originator or as an evidence of distortion, alteration and plagiarism. It has the characteristics of double security, that is, whether the watermark is added or not is unpredictable
B 1
Qingtang Su [email protected] School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
and the process of detecting the watermark is protected by the private key. Since its introduction in 1993 [1], digital watermarking technology has been developed rapidly because of its important position in information security and economy. In the initial stage, data hiding in binary images is widely concerned by experts and scholars [2–6]. However, Zhao et al. and Wu et al. mentioned a difficult problem: hiding information in binary images is a challenging thing, which b
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