A comprehensive survey on passive techniques for digital video forgery detection

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A comprehensive survey on passive techniques for digital video forgery detection Nitin Arvind Shelke1

· Singara Singh Kasana1

Received: 8 February 2020 / Revised: 6 August 2020 / Accepted: 24 September 2020 / © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract Digital videos are one of the most widespread forms of multimedia in day to day life. These are widely transferred over social networking websites such as Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube, etc. through the Internet. Availability of modern and easy to use editing tools have facilitated the modification of the contents of the digital videos. Therefore, it has become an essential concern for the legitimacy, trustworthiness, and authenticity of these digital videos. Digital video forgery detection aims to identify the manipulations in the video and to check its authenticity. These techniques can be divided into active and passive techniques. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on video forgery detection using passive techniques have been presented. The primary goal of this survey is to study and analyze the existing passive video forgery detection techniques. Firstly, the preliminary information required for understanding video forgery detection is presented. Later, a brief survey of existing passive video forgery detection techniques based on the features, forgery identified, datasets used, and performance parameters detail along with their limitations are reviewed. Then, anti-forensics strategy and deepfake detection in the video are discussed. After that, standard benchmark video forgery datasets and the generalized architecture for passive video forgery detection techniques are discussed. Finally, few open challenges in the field of passive video forgery detection are also described. Keywords Video forgery detection · Inter-frame forgery · Intra-frame forgery · Passive techniques · Video anti-forensics · Deepfake detection

1 Introduction Digital video is an ordered collection of images captured by a digital camera. It also contains audio and other data. People are becoming heavily dependent on multimedia contents in day  Nitin Arvind Shelke

nshelke [email protected] Singara Singh Kasana [email protected] 1

Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India

Multimedia Tools and Applications

to day life, particularly on digital videos. The surveillance camera is also one of the treasures of contemporary technology used at offices, homes, and various public places have gained enormous popularity as an efficient safety measure. It’s been the fact that video footages are treated as proof in most of the nations against the sort of crimes. Also, due to easy access to advanced editing software and use of the latest smartphone, it is easy for anyone to perform the manipulations in digital video and falsify it. The intentional modification made in the digital video for falsification is called a video forgery, and it may be hard for human beings to decide the authenticity of those digital videos by the nake