A Novel Ammonium Chloride Roasting Approach for the High-Efficiency Co-sulfation of Nickel, Cobalt, and Copper in Polyme
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I ZOU, HONGWEI CHENG, SHUHUA GENG, XIAOLU XIONG, QIAN XU, and XIONGGANG LU are with the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China. Contact e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ZHONGFU ZHOU is with the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University and also with the Department of Physics, Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3FL, UK. Manuscript submitted May 13, 2020.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
Graphic Abstract
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01967-w The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2020
I.
INTRODUCTION
NICKEL sulfide ore, which is an important source of global nickel (Ni) production (accounting for ~ 56 pct), contains several nonferrous metals, including Ni, copper (Cu), and cobalt (Co).[1–3] Because China is the largest consumer and refined producer of Ni, Co, and Cu, large amounts of minable resources and new metallurgical processes are required to achieve the synchronous, efficient, and environment-friendly extraction of nonferrous metals from polymetallic mineral resources.[4–7] With the exploitation and exhaustion of the abundant nickel sulfide ore, low-grade polymetallic sulfide ore has become an essential nonferrous metal resource in China. Although the conventional matte-smelting-based process of Ni–Co–Cu sulfide can achieve a high level of efficiency with respect to the enrichment and recovery of valuable metals, it has limited applications because it requires high-grade concentrates of raw materials; moreover, it causes serious environmental pollution and is a relatively tedious process.[8] Recently, pre-activation roasting–water leaching has proven to be a promising technique for the synchronous extraction of valuable metals from polymetallic minerals.[9–13] Sulfation roasting and chlorination roasting, which selectively convert the valuable components of polymetallic sulfide ore into water-soluble salts by mineral-phase reconstruction, have been proposed. The nonferrous metals in the roasting product can be synchronously transformed into sulfates leachate via the water-leaching
process; subsequently, the recovery of valuable metals and separation of impurities can be simultaneously achieved using a solid–liquid filtration and separation device. The sulfation roasting of Ni–Co–Cu sulfides can be tracked to the 1960s when early metallurgists explored the combination of pyro- and hydro-metallurgy.[14–18] Sulfation roasting is advantageous because of the following factors: highly adaptable to various raw materials, low sulfur dioxide gas emissions, and minimal energy consumption.[19] Recently, sulfation roasting has been widely investigated to pretreat complex metal ores and secondary resources, including nickeliferous sulfide ores,[8,11,12,19–22] nickel laterite ores,[13,23–28] lepidolite ore
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