A review of municipal solid waste in China: characteristics, compositions, influential factors and treatment technologie
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A review of municipal solid waste in China: characteristics, compositions, influential factors and treatment technologies Yanli Zhu1 · Youxian Zhang1 · Dongxia Luo1 · Zhongyi Chong2 · Erqiang Li1 · Xuepeng Kong1 Received: 14 February 2019 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Municipal solid waste (MSW) severely threatens human health and the ecological environment owing to its toxicity, mutagenic activity and carcinogenicity. The continuous increase in MSW together with stringent regulations makes sanitary disposal imperative. Waste sorting and recycling has been recognized as an efficient and economical treatment strategy. By analysing research data from 31 provinces between 2000 and 2017, the overarching goal of this work was to determine the characterizations and the compositions of MSW in China and then provide advices for sorting, transporting, storing and disposing of MSW. The results showed that the amount of MSW that was generated ranged from 0.08 to 2.34 kg d−1 ca−1 and averaged 0.73 kg d−1 ca−1 in China. The average bulk density, moisture content and the wet basis of the low calorific value of the MSW were 325 kg m−3, 50.3% and 4649 kcal kg−1. The MSW in China could be classified into four main categories, food waste, recycling waste, landfill waste and hazardous substances, and could be further classified into ten sub-categories. Overall, food waste was the most common and could be best managed via compost production. Bulk density was highly positively correlated with the ratio of the dust and bricks in all MSW and highly negatively correlated with the ratio of the food waste, metal, glass, plastic and rubber. The wet basis of the low calorific value was highly positively correlated with the ratio of the plastic and rubber, and the water content was highly positively correlated with the ratio of the food waste. Temporally, most of the components, especially waste paper and plastics, increased, while wood, dust and bricks decreased.
* Youxian Zhang [email protected] 1
College of Earth and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
2
Sound Resource and Environment Company, Beijing 100010, China
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Graphic abstract
Keywords Municipal solid waste · Compositions · Characterizations · Treatment technologies
1 Introduction Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a heterogeneous waste stream that is an inevitable part of daily life and can seriously damage the environment and human health (Tian et al. 2012; Hou et al. 2012). With a population of 13.8 × 102 M and a vast territory covering 96 × 102 K km2 (NBSC 2017), China is the largest developing country and deserves special attention regarding MSW. The amount of collected MSW and the population in five recent years in China are presented in Fig. 1. The amount of MSW collected in China was over 2 billion t in 2016, and the amount continues to increase.
Fig. 1 The collected MSW and population in five recent years in China (China National Bureau of Statistics, 2019)
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