A Review of Physical and Numerical Approaches for the Study of Gas Stirring in Ladle Metallurgy
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clean steel requires strict control of impurity elements, such as O, H, and N, during ladle metallurgy. In addition, the content of nonmetallic inclusions in steel is an important factor affecting the quality of steel. To remove the inclusions, gas bubbling plays an important role in the steel metallurgy. This process is usually applied in the ladle, tundish, and continuous casting processes. Gas bubbling can increase
YU LIU is with Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, 100081 Beijing, P.R. China and also with the Unit of Processes, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. Contact e-mail: [email protected] MIKAEL ERSSON and PA¨R GO¨RAN JO¨NSSON are with the Unit of Processes, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology. HEPING LIU and YONG GAN are with Central Iron and Steel Research Institute. Manuscript submitted May 12, 2018.
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the inclusion removal rate by adhesion or wake flow capture. Moreover, gas stirring is an important means to offer the fluid dynamics and homogenization of the molten steel with respect to alloy content and temperature and to promote reactions at the steel-slag interface.[1–7] However, gas bubbling can also intensify the fluctuations of the steel–slag interface, and this may cause splashing and exposure of the steel to the atmosphere. A large number of articles have been published on the study of gas stirring in ladles, and mathematical models and physical models have been used either separately or together according to the research focus. Several reviews have summarized previous studies[1,2,5–7] involving cold experiments and mathematical modeling carried out several years ago. In Sichen’s[5] review, the understanding of mass transfer and inclusion behaviors, especially the interactions of different types of inclusions, was proposed as the area requiring further study. A good balance between modeling and experimental research was also proposed because experimental studies have become frequent in recent years. Iron et al.[6] reported
plume dynamics and Froude number similarity in detail. Moreover, the interfacial phenomenon and steel-slag reactions were also highlighted. Based on previous review works, the present article presents a review of the physical and numerical approaches used in the study of gas stirring in ladle metallurgy over the past 3 decades to give some options and find new and meaningful research directions, as well as desired experimental results for simulation validation. Previous contributions to the study of ladle metallurgy have been categorized into four major groups, as covered in the following sections. Section II: physical modeling experiments, Section III: industrial trials, Section IV: criteria for scaling between physical modeling experiments and industrial trials, and Section V: numerical models to study the gas–liquid zone in ladle refining.
II.
PHYSICAL MODELING EXPERIMENTS
With the aim of improving clean steel
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