A Review of Smart Technologies Embedded in Shoes
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MOBILE & WIRELESS HEALTH
A Review of Smart Technologies Embedded in Shoes Drashti Gokalgandhi1 · Laxit Kamdar1 · Neel Shah1 · Ninad Mehendale1 Received: 6 May 2020 / Accepted: 15 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Technological advancements in wearable devices have revolutionized smart shoes. Smart shoes are sometimes referred to as intelligent shoes or computer-based shoes. They are capable of recognizing and recording data from day-to-day activities by the user. Such smart shoes are designed with sensors, vibrating motors, GPS, wireless systems, and various other sensors/actuators for the comfort and benefit of the wearer. In the current manuscript, we are reviewing various technologies that are implemented in smart shoes. Keywords Smart shoes · Pedometer · Smart footwear · Energy harvesting · Gait analysis
Introduction A smart shoe is an ordinary shoe modified with technologic features such as recording [1] biometric data and activities from the user and auto-adjusting size for an individualized fit. For a few smart shoe brands, personalized data is available to the user via an app. These apps can offer suggestions for healthier lifestyle choices. Various technologies such as sensors, motors, accelerometers, Bluetooth, etc. are added to current footwear designs, turning them into smart shoes. Figure 1 below shows an overview of smart shoe technologies. Smart shoes are divided into three main categories: electro-mechanical smart shoes, mechanical smart shoes, and electronic smart shoes. The electromechanical smart shoes are of two types. The first one is the generator embedded into the smart shoes [2]. These generators could be electromagnetic, piezoelectric, or solar panel-based. The second type of electromechanical smart shoe is motors induced to give a mechanical vibration. Mechanical smart shoes are further divided as passive pump base smart shoes, actuators based smart shoes, and spring-levered pedometer-based smart shoes. Electronic sensor-based smart shoes have two This article belongs to the Topical Collection: Mobile & Wireless Health
main types of connectivity: wireless and wired. Wireless connectivity via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth [3] is preferred to traditional wired connectivity. Wired smart shoes allow the user to accumulate and analyze data once connected to a PC or laptop. Types of sensors integrated with smart shoes: –
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Ninad Mehendale
[email protected]
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K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai, India
Pressure sensor: Measures foot pressure. This sensor benefits diabetic patients by detecting the change in pressure due to an infection or other diseases. Ultrasonic sensor: Measures the proximity to an object. Benefits the visually impaired who may rely on this technology for mobility. Accelerometer sensor: Tracks movements needed for gait analysis to avoid potential muscle injury [4]. Water level sensor: Typically used by firefighters when by the water level on the ground is unknown. Temperature sensor: Measures the h
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