A Seasonal Change of Active Ingredients and Mineral Elements in Root of Astragalus membranaceus in the Qinghai-Tibet Pla
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A Seasonal Change of Active Ingredients and Mineral Elements in Root of Astragalus membranaceus in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Lingling Wang 1,2,3 & Feng Xiong 1,2,3 & Lucun Yang 1,2 & Yuanming Xiao 1,2,3 & Guoying Zhou 1,2 Received: 24 September 2020 / Accepted: 8 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Astragalus membranaceus is an important traditional Chinese herb whose roots have been used for medicinal purposes for more than 2000 years. Because of excessive exploitation, the wild resources are currently almost exhausted, and therefore, artificial planting of Astragalus membranaceus has been increasingly important. But to date, few studies have focused on the active ingredients and mineral element of Astragalus membranaceus in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this study, five density gradients (M1: 10 cm × 25 cm, M2: 15 cm × 25 cm, M3: 20 cm × 25 cm, M4: 25 cm × 25 cm and M5: 30 cm × 25 cm) were assessed to evaluate the effects of various planting densities on the mineral element and secondary metabolite content of Astragalus membranaceus roots in different months. It was found that the content of calycosin-7-O-β-Dglucoside and astragaloside IV reached its highest in October. Ononin content increased month by month, while formononetin content decreased during months. Calycosin content did not show significant changes during seasons. Taken together, these results suggest that the optimal planting density is 15 cm × 25 cm (D2) and the optimal harvest period is October. According to the results, the Cu content in all samples did not exceed the limit (20 mg/kg). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that Na, P, K Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, Li, and Mn were selected as characteristic elements of Astragalus membranaceus. The results also showed a high correlation between elements and active ingredients. Ba and Co had extremely significant associations with astragaloside IV. Keywords Astragalus membranaceus . Active ingredients . Mineral elements . Seasonal change . Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Introduction Astragalus membranaceus (A. membranaceus), a type of medicinally perennial herb, is widely distributed in East Asia countries and is one of the most important legume crops being cultivated in North China [1]. Phytochemical researches have shown that the chemical composition of A. membranaceus mainly consists of saponins, flavonoids, amino acids, and polysaccharides [2]. Previous studies have revealed that those vital compounds of A. membranaceus possess effective * Guoying Zhou [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
2
Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Xining 810008, China
3
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
pharmacological activities. Flavonoids, for example, have a broad range of pharmacological properties including antioxidant effect [3], anti-inflammatory effect [4], and immuneenhancing e
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