A self-organizing base station sleeping and user association strategy for dense cellular networks
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A self-organizing base station sleeping and user association strategy for dense cellular networks Bart Post1
•
Sem Borst1 • Hans van den Berg2
The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Due to the rising concerns of energy consumption in wireless networks, base station (BS) sleeping strategies were introduced to save energy in low traffic scenarios. In this paper we analyse a weighted trade-off between energy consumption and user-perceived performance in dense cellular networks. We present an optimization problem representing this trade-off and derive properties of its optimal solutions. Using these properties we design a self-organizing strategy that dynamically (online) makes load-aware user association and BS operation decisions. Our strategy is self-organizing in the sense that it does not need any information or optimization beforehand, it simply relies on real-time load measurements at the BSs and user-reported SINR values. We furthermore present extensive simulation results, demonstrating the effectiveness of our self-organizing strategy and the impact of increased energy consumption on the user-perceived performance. Keywords BS sleeping Dense cellular networks Load balancing Self-organizing
1 Introduction Wireless cellular networks have experienced immense growth in traffic loads over the last years as a consequence of the rapid proliferation of smartphones, tablets, and their bandwidth-hungry applications. A key option to further increase wireless network capacity is to deploy dense cellular networks (DCNs) since they allow for higher spectral reuse and efficiency (shorter communication range, and thus lower path loss). The denser concentration of base stations (BSs) raises new and challenging issues compared with the traditional & Bart Post [email protected] Sem Borst [email protected] Hans van den Berg [email protected] 1
Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
2
Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica (Amsterdam), TNO (Dutch Scientific Research Institute, The Hague), University of Twente in Enschede, Enschede, The Netherlands
macro cellular networks (MCNs), especially with regard to cell planning and traffic engineering [5]. Physical constraints will typically make it even harder to arrange BSs in an ideal hexagonal pattern, which causes the coverage areas to significantly overlap, and the natural cell regions to be irregularly shaped. As a result, the nominal traffic loads will tend to exhibit not only more spatial variation but also stronger temporal fluctuations. This variability in traffic could potentially result in severe load imbalances and performance degradation under existing BS sleeping strategies and traditional user association schemes. BS sleeping strategies were introduced as a result of the rising concerns of energy consumption of wireless networks, both in in terms of environmental impact and economic cost. In MCNs, BSs are responsible for about 60–80% of the total energy consumption [28], where a single BS may consume u
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