Algorithms and values in justice and security
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Algorithms and values in justice and security Paul Hayes1 · Ibo van de Poel2 · Marc Steen3 Received: 2 April 2019 / Accepted: 10 December 2019 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract This article presents a conceptual investigation into the value impacts and relations of algorithms in the domain of justice and security. As a conceptual investigation, it represents one step in a value sensitive design based methodology (not incorporated here are empirical and technical investigations). Here, we explicate and analyse the expression of values of accuracy, privacy, fairness and equality, property and ownership, and accountability and transparency in this context. We find that values are sensitive to disvalue if algorithms are designed, implemented or deployed inappropriately or without sufficient consideration for their value impacts, potentially resulting in problems including discrimination and constrained autonomy. Furthermore, we outline a framework of conceptual relations of values indicated by our analysis, and potential value tensions in their implementation and deployment with a view towards supporting future research, and supporting the value sensitive design of algorithms in justice and security. Keywords Values · Value sensitive design · Responsibility · Ethics · Algorithms · Justice · Security · AI
1 Introduction Algorithms are powerful artefacts that operate within our informational milieu, structuring our data, profiling, categorizing, and predicting who we are, what we want and more. These artefacts are becoming increasingly authoritative for Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-019-00932-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Paul Hayes [email protected] Ibo van de Poel [email protected] Marc Steen [email protected] 1
Ethics and Philosophy of Technology, Values Technology and Innovation, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, TU Delft, Building 31, Room number: B4.060, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, The Netherlands
2
Ethics and Philosophy of Technology, Values Technology and Innovation, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, TU Delft, Building 31, Room number: B4.210, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, The Netherlands
3
Human Behaviour and Organisational Innovations, TNO, New Babylon, Anna van Buerenplein 1, 2595DA Den Haag, The Netherlands
the insights they produce, and the promises they bear for decision support and resource management. The governance model we are drifting towards has been argued to variously be an “algocracy” and before that infocracy, which is perhaps emblematic of the potential for the diminishing role and autonomy of the human decision-maker as information production and decision-making become increasingly automated, authoritative, and opaque (van den Hoven 1998; Danaher 2016, 246–248; Peeters and Schuilenburg 2018). Here, we are concerned with the uses of algorithms in the area of justice and security, a particularly sensitive context wi
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