Analysis of temperature-dependent forward and leakage conduction mechanisms in organic thin film heterojunction diode wi
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Analysis of temperature‑dependent forward and leakage conduction mechanisms in organic thin film heterojunction diode with fluorine‑based PCBM blend D. E. Yıldız1 · H. H. Gullu2 · L. Toppare3,4,5,6 · A. Cirpan3,4,5 Received: 25 May 2020 / Accepted: 23 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The forward and reversed biased current–voltage behaviors of the organic diode were detailed in a wide range of temperatures. In this diode, a donor–acceptor-conjugated copolymer system was constructed with poly((9,9-dioctylfluorene)2,7-diyl-(2-dodecyl-benzo[1,2,3]triazole)) as a partner of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Two-order of magnitude rectification ratio was achieved, and the temperature-dependent values of saturation current, zero-bias barrier height, and ideality factor were extracted according to the thermionic emission model. The temperature responses of these diode parameters showed an existence of inhomogeneity in the barrier height formation. As a result, the observed non-ideal behavior was explained by Gaussian distribution of barrier height where low-barrier regions are effective in the forward biased conduction mechanism at low temperatures. Together with this analysis, series resistances were evaluated using Cheung’s functions and also density of interface states were investigated. On the other hand, reverse biased current flow was found under the dominant effect of Poole–Frenkel effects associated with these interfacial traps. The reverse current conduction mechanism was detailed by calculating characteristic field-lowering coefficients and barrier height values in the emission process from the trapped state in the range of temperatures of interest.
1 Introduction Solar energy conversion is one of the conventional technology in the production of green energy with its convenience to harvest thermal energy and electricity directly from the solar resource. At this point, it has led the research topics in * D. E. Yıldız [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Hitit University, 19030 Corum, Turkey
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Atilim University, 06836 Ankara, Turkey
3
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
4
Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
5
Center for Solar Energy Research and Application (GUNAM), Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
6
Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
the field of renewable energy research with rapid response to technological and industrial demands. Although Si is one of the leading material in the solar market, thin film solar cells have been point of interest with the advantages of less material and simpler fabrication requirements [1, 2]. In addition to the traditional Si wafer-based homojunction and hete
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