Anatomy of the axillary arch: from its incidence in human to an embryologic and a phylogenetic explanation of its origin
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Anatomy of the axillary arch: from its incidence in human to an embryologic and a phylogenetic explanation of its origins Martin Lhuaire1,2,3 · Karl Wehbe4 · Ignacio Garrido1 · Vincent Hunsinger1 · Mohamed Derder1 · Vincent Balaya5 · Vincent Delmas2 · Peter Abrahams6 · Daniele Sommacale3 · Reza Kianmanesh3 · Christian Fontaine7 · Laurent Lantieri1 Received: 17 August 2020 / Accepted: 16 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Introduction Typically, the axillary arch is defined as a fleshy slip running from latissimus dorsi to the anterior aspect of the humerus. Phylogeny seems to give the most relevant and plausible explanation of this anatomical variant as a remnant of the panniculus carnosus. However, authors are not unanimous about its origin. We report herein the incidence of axillary arch in a series of 40 human female dissections and present an embryologic and a comparative study in three domestic mammals. Materials and methods Forty formalin-preserved Caucasian human female cadavers, one rat (Rattus norvegicus), one rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and one pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) cadavers were dissected bilaterally. A comparative, analytical and a descriptive studies of serial human embryological sections were carried out. Results We found an incidence of axillary arch of 2.5% (n = 1 subject of 40) in Humans. We found a panniculus carnosus inserted on the anterior aspect of the humerus only in the rat and the rabbit but not in the pig. The development of the latissimus dorsi takes place between Carnegie stage 16–23, but the embryological study failed to explain the genesis of the axillary arch variation. However, comparative anatomy argues in favour of a panniculus carnosus origin of the axillary arch. Conclusions With an incidence of 2.5% of cases, the axillary arch is a relatively frequent variant that should be known by clinician and especially surgeons. Moreover, while embryology seems to fail to explain the genesis of this variation, comparative study gives additional arguments which suggest a possible origin from the panniculus carnosus. Keywords Comparative anatomy · Axillary arch · Rabbit · Pig · Rat
* Martin Lhuaire [email protected] 1
Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, 20 rue Leblanc, 75908 Paris Cedex 15, France
2
Institute of Anatomy, URDIA, EA4465, UFR Biomédicale des Saints‑Pères, Université de Paris, Paris, France
3
Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hôpital Robert Debré, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
4
Department of Gynecology and Oncology Surgery, Institut Jean Godinot, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
5
Department of Gynecologic and Breast Oncologic Surgery, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris,
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