Anthopleura and the phylogeny of Actinioidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria)
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Anthopleura and the phylogeny of Actinioidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) M. Daly 1 & L. M. Crowley 2 & P. Larson 1 & E. Rodríguez 2 & E. Heestand Saucier 1,3 & D. G. Fautin 4
Received: 29 November 2016 / Accepted: 2 March 2017 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2017
Abstract Members of the sea anemone genus Anthopleura are familiar constituents of rocky intertidal communities. Despite its familiarity and the number of studies that use its members to understand ecological or biological phenomena, the diversity and phylogeny of this group are poorly understood. Many of the taxonomic and phylogenetic problems stem from problems with the documentation and interpretation of acrorhagi and verrucae, the two features that are used to recognize members of Anthopleura. These anatomical features have a broad distribution within the superfamily Actinioidea, and their occurrence and exclusivity are not clear. We use DNA sequences from the nucleus and mitochondrion and cladistic analysis of verrucae and acrorhagi to test the monophyly of Anthopleura and to evaluate the pattern of distribution of acrorhagi and verrucae. We find that Anthopleura is paraphyletic: although species of the genus cluster together, some groups also include members of genera like Bunodosoma, Aulactinia, Oulactis, and Actinia. This paraphyly is explained in part Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13127-017-0326-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * M. Daly [email protected]
1
Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
2
Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
3
University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
4
University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
by the discovery that acrorhagi and verrucae are pleisiomorphic for the subset of Actinioidea studied. Keywords Anthopleura . Actinioidea . Cnidaria . Verrucae . Acrorhagi . Pseudoacrorhagi . Atomized coding Anthopleura Duchassaing de Fonbressin and Michelotti, 1860 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Actiniidae) is one of the most familiar and well-known genera of sea anemones. Its members are found in both temperate and tropical rocky intertidal habitats and are abundant and species-rich when present (e.g., Stephenson 1935; Stephenson and Stephenson 1972; England 1992; Pearse and Francis 2000). Due to their diversity and abundance in predictable and accessible places, Anthopleura is the subject of many field studies of rocky intertidal ecology and physiology, including studies of thermal stress and nutrient transfer (e.g., Jennison 1978; Kruger and Griffiths 1998; Richier et al. 2008; Hiebert and Bingham 2012; Morar et al. 2011; Bingham et al. 2011; Quesada et al. 2014), the impact of pollution (e.g., Wicksten 1984), disease vectoring (e.g., Hopper et al. 2008), and the effect of local changes in
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