Application of Bacterial Pigments as Colorant The Malaysian Perspect
Environmental concerns regarding continuous use of synthetic dyes saw a revival in the demand for natural dyes as natural dyes exhibit better biodegradability and generally have a higher compatibility with the environment. However, one of the limitations
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Wan Azlina Ahmad Wan Yunus Wan Ahmad Zainul Akmar Zakaria Nur Zulaikha Yusof •
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Application of Bacterial Pigments as Colorant The Malaysian Perspective
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Wan Azlina Ahmad Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM Skudai 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] Wan Yunus Wan Ahmad Faculty of Applied Sciences Textile Technology Programme Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam Malaysia e-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 2191-5407 ISBN 978-3-642-24519-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-24520-6
Zainul Akmar Zakaria Institute of Bioproduct Development Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM Skudai 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] Nur Zulaikha Yusof Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM Skudai 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia e-mail: [email protected]
e-ISSN 2191-5415 e-ISBN 978-3-642-24520-6
Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011938995 Ó The Author(s) 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: eStudio Calamar, Berlin/Figueres Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Strong consumer demand for natural products has prompted many researchers to look for alternatives to synthetic pigments which are widely used. Synthetic pigments are not only undesirable or harmful, but can cause adverse effects to the environment. There are many sources of natural pigments, namely from microorganisms and plants. Among plants, the orange/yellow colour obtained from saffron is one of the most expensive natural pigments sold with a price range between USD 1,100 and 11,000 per kilogram. The ascomycetous fungi, Monascus on the other hand has been reported to produce a variety of red, yellow, orange, green and blue hues which are mainly used in food industries. This brief serves as a quick guide on the isolation, characterization and applications of pigments extracted from red, yellow and violet bacteria namely Serratia marcescens, Chryseobacterium sp. and Chromobacterium violaceum, respectively. The unique feature of this brief is the use of cheap agricul
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