Cleaner colorant extraction and environmentally wool dyeing using oak as eco-friendly mordant
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Cleaner colorant extraction and environmentally wool dyeing using oak as eco-friendly mordant Mozhgan Hosseinnezhad 1,2
&
Kamaladin Gharanjig 1,2 & Raziyeh Jafari 3 & Homan Imani 4 & Narjes Razani 5
Received: 28 July 2020 / Accepted: 28 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Textile and dyeing are one of the most significant industries in many states. The employing of natural dyes in dyeing procedure is very important due to the environmental security of the area. To obtain a green, clean, and environmentally friendly dyeing of yarns, two natural dyes of madder and weld, which are native to Iran, were employed for dyeing yarns for carpet preparation. Due to the low affinity of natural dyes and maintaining the biocompatibility of the dyeing process, the oak was used as a new tannin rich mordant. The ultrasound-microwave-assisted method in water solution was used for extraction, and yield to the process was obtained about 27, 32, and 36% for madder, weld, and oak, respectively. The extractions were analyzed by UV–Visible and SEM techniques, and the ash, humidity, and density properties of these were investigated. The pre-mordanting method was employed for this study, and ferrous sulphate was used for compare of natural mordant performance. The washed, mordanted, and dyed yarns were investigated by analytical techniques, and the accuracy of these processes was confirmed. The fastness properties as well as the colorimetric characteristics of dyed yarns were assessed using related standards, and the dyed yarns have acceptable performance and could compete with metal mordant, colorimetrically. Keywords Biomordant . Natural Dyes . Wool yarn, Ultrasound-microwave-assisted . Fastness . Colorimetric properties
Introduction Colorants include dyes and pigments, which are used for substrate coloration. From ancient times, the human tried to decorate their body, clothing, and living space with colorants extracted from flower, plants, and animals (Christie 2014; Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Mozhgan Hosseinnezhad [email protected] 1
Department of Organic Colorants, Institute of Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16765-654, Tehran, Iran
2
Center of Excellence for Color Science and Technology, Institute of Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16765-654, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Color Physics, Institute for Color Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16765-654, Tehran, Iran
4
Department of Carpet, Tehran University of art, P.O. Box 1136813518, Tehran, Iran
5
Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box. 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran
Gurses et al. 2016). The conventional dyeing was done using metal mordants such as alum, aluminum acetate, benzoic acid salt, chromium, copper sulphate, iron sulphate, ferrous acetate, and tin, but many of these substances are toxic and have environmental hazards (Ismal and Yildirim 2019). Synthesis, processing, and uses of synthetic dyes and some conventional mordants are hazardous not only for he
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