Application of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Disease Management of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Aquaculture
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REVIEW PAPER
Application of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Disease Management of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in Aquaculture K. Govindaraju1 • Prerna Dilip Itroutwar1 • V. Veeramani1 • T. Ashok Kumar2 • S. Tamilselvan1 Received: 29 June 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Nanotechnology a multidisciplinary field involves the design and production of functional systems at the molecular level. In aquaculture, the application of nanotechnology it’s still at infant stage and it potent enough to solve many issues related to nutrition, animal production, reproduction, disease diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Worldwide, during the last decade though shrimp culture has been one of the most prevalent practices in marine industry and it has been threatened by viral diseases frequently. Among various shrimp viral pathogens, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is exceedingly pathogenic and conscientious for huge economic loss in shrimp culture industry. In this review, the application of nanotechnology in diagnosis and management of WSSV in aquaculture is discussed in detail. Keywords Nanotechnology White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) Aquaculture Diagnosis Vaccine delivery
Introduction Globally, aquaculture is one among the largest food-producing sector and in the subsequent decade, overall production from both capture and aquaculture is expected to go beyond that of beef, pork or poultry [1]. During 2000–2008, production of crustaceans greater than before at an annual average rate of approximately 15% which was more rapidly than in the previous decade and in 2009, it contribute about 11.2 million tons to overall fishery and aquaculture production worth 14.6 million. The changes in aquaculture practice from traditional extensive farming to semi-intensive or intensive farming systems is carried out for higher stocking, yield and growth. On the other hand, it has also started to witness diseases that create significant economic loss to the aquaculture industry [2–4]. Initially, the aquaculture industry started with black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) as major culture species in & K. Govindaraju [email protected] 1
Centre for Ocean Research (DST-FIST Sponsored Centre), Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 119, India
2
Department of Microbiology, University of Madras, Chennai 600 113, India
1970–1980s and during 1990s moved to a specific pathogen-free (SPF) line of a North American species Litopenaeus vannamei. Approximately 60% of the disease associated loss in shrimp production is attributed to viral, 20% to bacterial and remaining 20% of the loss could be endorsed to other pathogens (parasites and fungi) [5–7]. Worldwide, different diagnostic methods have been practiced routinely for the detection of viral diseases which include histopathology [8, 9], immunological methods [10–12], polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique [13–16], in situ hybridization methods using DNA probes [17], latex aggl
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