Assessing the resistance to acaricides in Varroa destructor from several Spanish locations
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ARTHROPODS AND MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY - ORIGINAL PAPER
Assessing the resistance to acaricides in Varroa destructor from several Spanish locations Mariano Higes 1 & Raquel Martín-Hernández 1,2 Joel González-Cabrera 3
&
Carmen Sara Hernández-Rodríguez 3
&
Received: 8 April 2020 / Accepted: 6 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Varroosis is the disease caused by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, one of the most destructive diseases of honeybees. In Spain, there is great concern because there are many therapeutic failures after acaricide treatments intended to control varroosis outbreaks. In some of these cases it is not clear whether such failures are due to the evolution of resistance. Therefore, it is of high interest the development of methodologies to test the level of resistance in mite populations. In this work, a simple bioassay methodology was used to test whether some reports on low efficacy in different regions of Spain were in fact related to reduced Varroa sensitivity to the most used acaricides. This bioassay proved to be very effective in evaluating the presence of mites that survive after being exposed to acaricides. In the samples tested, the mortality caused by coumaphos ranged from 2 to 89%; for tau-fluvalinate, it ranged from 5 to 96%. On the other hand, amitraz caused 100% mortality in all cases. These results suggest the presence of Varroa resistant to coumaphos and fluvalinate in most of the apiaries sampled, even in those where these active ingredients were not used in the last years. The bioassay technique presented here, either alone or in combination with other molecular tools, could be useful in detecting mite populations with different sensitivity to acaricides, which is of vital interest in selecting the best management and/or acaricide strategy to control the parasite in apiaries. Keywords Varroa destructor . Resistant mites . Bioassay . Acaricides
Introduction The mite Varroa destructor (Anderson and Trueman) is one of the most prevalent bee pathogens worldwide and the causative agent of varroosis, one of the most destructive diseases of honeybees (Rosenkranz et al. 2010). It is an ectoparasite that affects Section Editor: Elizabeth Marie Warburton * Mariano Higes [email protected] 1
Laboratorio de Patología Apícola, Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental (CIAPA), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, IRIAF, Instituto Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal, Marchamalo, Spain
2
Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Albacete, Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT), Albacete, Spain
3
ERI BIOTECMED, Departamento de Genética, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
immature as well as adult bees by direct feeding mainly on their fat body (Ramsey et al. 2019) and haemolymph (Annoscia et al. 2019), but also vectoring a set of viruses that cause important physiological alterations to the bees (Shen et al. 200
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