Assessment and Mitigation of Asteroid Impact Hazards Proceedings of

This volume is a compilation of the research presented at the International Asteroid Day workshop which was celebrated at Barcelona on June 30th, 2015. The proceedings discuss the beginning of a new era in the study and exploration of the solar system’s m

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Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez Maria Gritsevich Herbert Palme Editors

Assessment and Mitigation of Asteroid Impact Hazards Proceedings of the 2015 Barcelona Asteroid Day

Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings Volume 46

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7395

Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez • Maria Gritsevich Herbert Palme Editors

Assessment and Mitigation of Asteroid Impact Hazards Proceedings of the 2015 Barcelona Asteroid Day

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Editors Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez Campus UAB, 2a planta Institute of Space Sciences Bellaterra Barcelona Spain Herbert Palme Sektion Meteoritenforschung Senckenberg, Naturmuseum und Forschungsinstitut Frankfurt, Germany

Maria Gritsevich Department of Physics University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland Ural Federal University, Institute of Physics and Technology Ekaterinburg, Russia National Land Survey of Finland, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute Masala, Finland

ISSN 1570-6591 ISSN 1570-6605 (electronic) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings ISBN 978-3-319-46178-6 ISBN 978-3-319-46179-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46179-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016959006 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface: Impact Hazard, a Russian Roulette

Science is never ending, and the more we learn, the more we see how much we ignore. Descartes said that he would give everything he knew, if he would get half of what he ignored. What a good business for him, who died when Newton was still eight! After three centuries of riding the knowledge wave created by the latter, and now the new one by Einstein, even we would be quite well off if we made that swap. Let’s take the planets outside our Solar system as an example: until 2009,