Atlas of Sectional Radiological Anatomy for PET/CT
The horizons of sophisticated imaging have expanded with the use of combined positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT). PET-CT has revolutionized medical imaging by adding anatomic localization to functional imaging, thus providing p
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Head and Neck
M.T. Kitapçı, Atlas of Sectional Radiological Anatomy for PET/CT, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1527-5_1, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
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Adapted and modified from Moore KL, et al. * Moore KL, Dalley AF. II. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
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1 Head and Neck
Head and Neck Consecutive sections were obtained with 3-mm slice thickness and without intravenous contrast. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Computed Tomography (CT) images obtained from the same level were given side to side for comparison. All anatomic structures in an image were numbered and given in the explanation section at the bottom of the page. Vertebral levels were marked on each vertebra.
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Fig. 1.1 Axial scan at the level of the hyoid bone (scm Fig. 1.2 Axial scan at the level of the bottom of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, smg submandibular gland, cricoid arch t trapezius muscle)
Fig. 1.3 Axial scan at the level of the bottom of the Fig. 1.4 Axial scan at the level of the upper mediastinum cricoid arch (scm sternocleidomastoid muscle, as anterior (ms manubrium sterni, iv innominate vein) scalene muscle, t trapezius muscle)
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Keys Level I
The submental and submandibular nodes. They lie above the hyoid bone, below the mylohyoid muscle, and anterior to the back of the submandibular gland (sbg) (Fig. 1.1) Level IA The submental nodes. They lie between the medial margins of the anterior bellies of the digastric muscle. Level IB The submandibular nodes. On each side, they lie lateral to the level IA nodes and anterior to the back of each submandibular gland. Level II The upper internal jugular nodes. They extend from the skull base to the level of the bottom of the body of the hyoid bone. They are posterior to the back of the submandibular gland and anterior to the back of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (scm) (Fig. 1.1). Level IIA A level II node that lies either anterior, medial, lateral or posterior to the internal jugular vein. If posterior to the vein, the node is inseparable from the vein. Level IIB A level II node that lies posterior to the internal jugular vein and has a fat plane separating it and the vein. Level III The middle jugular nodes. They extend from the level of the bottom of the body of the hyoid bone to the level of the bottom of the cricoid arch. They lie anterior to the back of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (Fig. 1.2). Level IV The low jugular nodes. They extend from the level of the bottom of the cricoid arch to the level of the clavicle. They lie anterior to a line connecting the back of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the posterolateral margin of the anterior scalene muscle (as). They are also lateral to the carotid arteries (Fig. 1.3). Level V The nodes in the posterior triangle. They lie posterior to the back of the sternocleidomastoid muscle from the skull base to the level of the bottom of the cricoid arch and posterior to a line connecting the back of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and
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