Benefit-cost ratio evaluation for management of Brevicoryne brassicae L. in canola ( Brassica napus L.) crop production
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Benefit-cost ratio evaluation for management of Brevicoryne brassicae L. in canola (Brassica napus L.) crop production Qudsia Yousafi & Seeman & Shahzad Saleem
Received: 4 February 2020 / Accepted: 28 April 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Canola is an important oilseed crop. It is attacked by different insect pests. Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one the most destructive sucking insect pests of this crop. Its infestation affects the yield and quality of seed. Three different levels of nitrogen fertilizers, i.e., 120, 60 and 30 kg/ hac, two environmentally safe insecticides i.e., emamectin benzoate and imidacloprid at three different application intervals i.e., 4, 8 and 12 days after first application (DAFA) were tested for management of cabbage aphid in canola. The experiment was laid out in a sub-sub plot design keeping nitrogen fertilizer levels as main plot, insecticides as sub plot and insecticide application intervals as sub-sub plots. Number of aphids per plant and canola seed yield for each combination was recorded. Total expenses from crop production till harvest were calculated on market rates of 2019. Benefit-cost ratio for each treatment combination was calculated. Lowest aphid infestation was fond for 4DAFA. Highest benefitcost ratio (2.57) was recorded for imidacloprid applied at 4DAFA with 120 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. But for the management of cabbage aphid in environment friendly manner we recommend emamectin benzoate at 8DAFA with nitrogen level of 60 kg/hac giving slightly lower BCR (2.37).
Q. Yousafi (*) : Seeman : S. Saleem Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal campus, Islamadad, Pakistan e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Benefit-cost ratio . Emamectin benzoate . Imidacloprid . Insecticide application interval . Nitrogen fertilizer
Introduction Production of edible oil is extremely scarce in Pakistan and therefore it expends millions of dollars on its import (Razaq et al. 2014). Its import bill is the second largest after petroleum and consists of the single largest expenses on any of the imported food stuffs (Ahmad et al. 2013). Brassica napus (canola or oilseed rape), locally known as, gobhi sarsoon (Khattak and Khan 2000) is an important oilseed crop grown in moderate climates of both the northern and southern hemispheres (Tahir et al. 2007). It is ranked as second largest source of edible oil after soybean throughout the world (Kandil and Gad 2012). The term “canola” is a listed brand of the Canadian Canola Association. Plant breeding programs released the first canola-quality cultivars in Canada during the 1970s which is a high-value protein and oil crop that has gained incredible acceptance all over the world (Raymer 2002). In Pakistan, the area under canola production during 2015–16 was 14,164 ha with production of 15,000 tons seed and 6000 tons oil while during 2016–17 area was 13,354.6 ha with above mentioned seed and oil production (MoF 2016). It is sown in Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces of Pakistan (Amer e
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