Bioaccumulation of mercury in Haemulopsis elongatus and Pomadasys macracanthus from the SE Gulf of California: condition
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Bioaccumulation of mercury in Haemulopsis elongatus and Pomadasys macracanthus from the SE Gulf of California: condition indexes and health risk assessment M. Ramos-Osuna & C. Patiño-Mejía & J. Ruelas-Inzunza & O. Escobar-Sánchez
Received: 11 May 2020 / Accepted: 8 September 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Mercury (Hg) was measured in the muscle, liver, and gonads of Haemulopsis elongatus and Pomadasys macracanthus from Mazatlán (SE Gulf of California) to determine the relationships of the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of fish with Hg concentrations in the corresponding tissues. Health risk to consumers was assessed by using the hazard quotient (HQ), considering the average rate of fish consumption in Mexico and Hg concentration in the edible tissue. In H. elongatus, the highest Hg levels were measured in the liver (3.748 μg g−1); in P. macracanthus, the highest Hg concentration was quantified in the muscle (0.574 μg g − 1 ). In P. macracanthus, the HSI was negatively correlated with Hg concentration in the liver; in H. elongatus, there was also a negative relationship between Hg levels in gonads and the GSI. Mean HQ values in Haemulopsis elongatus (0.005) and Pomadasys macracanthus (0.002) were below the value (HQ ≥ 1) of concern. The significant reduction of HSI and GSI with Hg increase in the liver and gonads may suggest that Hg bioaccumulation in these fish shows adverse M. Ramos-Osuna : C. Patiño-Mejía : J. Ruelas-Inzunza (*) Instituto Tecnológico de Mazatlán, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] O. Escobar-Sánchez Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. FACIMAR, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico O. Escobar-Sánchez CONACYT, Dirección de Cátedras CONACYT, Mexico City, Mexico
physiological effects. Though HQ values in both species were below the unit, i.e., the consumption of the muscle from this species does not represent a health risk, it is necessary to carry out surveys of fish consumption rates in coastal areas of Mexico to do a more precise health risk assessment associated to Hg intake. Keywords Marine fish . Eastern Pacific . Muscle . liver . gonads . Haemulidae
Introduction Aquatic organisms require some elements at certain concentrations due to their participation in metabolic activities; these elements are known as essentials. Some examples of essential elements are Cu, Fe, and Zn (Abtahi et al. 2017). On the contrary, elements termed as non-essential are not necessary for physiological processes and may be toxic at low concentrations (Wilk et al. 2017). Among non-essential elements, Hg is one of the most dangerous since it may affect the nervous system of fish (Gochfeld 2003). Fish are exposed to mercury (Hg) through the contact of the skin with the environment, breathing, and feeding. After Hg uptake, it is distributed, accumulated in diverse tissues and organs, and eventually magnified along food chains (Signa et al. 2017). Most fish species from coastal areas have demersal habits, i.e., they are associated to the seafloor (Cifuentes-Lemus
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