Bioaccumulation and toxic potencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshwater biota from the Ogbese River, Niger
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Bioaccumulation and toxic potencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshwater biota from the Ogbese River, Nigeria Isaac Ayodele Ololade & Nurudeen Abiola Oladoja & Oluwaranti Olubunmi Ololade & Toyin Dunsin Saliu & Adenike Bosede Alabi & Samuel Babatunde Obadawo & Mayowa Monday Anifowose
Received: 27 August 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Samples of fish and shellfish (periwinkles, mussel, and snail) collected from the rapidly contaminated Ogbese River, Ondo State, Nigeria, were analyzed for their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after cleanup using solid-phase extraction. The rank order of concentration of ΣPAHs in fish follows: gills >> eggs >>> muscle. The dry weight concentrations (μg/g) of total PAHs ranged from < 0.001 to 2.06, 0.01 to 18.67, 0.01 to 9.56, and 0.01 to 8.28 in fish muscle, periwinkle, snail, and mussel respectively. Accumulation levels of PAHs in the biota were used to calculate biota–sediment (or porewater) accumulation factors (BSAF (BPwAF)) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF). The lower molecular weight PAHs constitute major components (≥ 87% in each case) of PAH congener profiles. Bioaccumulation was greatest for PAHs with log Kow values between 5.0 and 5.6. However, the study did not show a good correlation between log Kow of individual PAH and the corresponding BSAFs/BPwAF for the biota. The I. A. Ololade (*) : O. O. Ololade : A. B. Alabi : S. B. Obadawo : M. M. Anifowose Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo, Nigeria e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] N. A. Oladoja : T. D. Saliu Hydrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria
study indicates that significantly greater (p < 0.05) BSAFs for ΣPAHs were observed in the three bottom dwellers than in fish muscle which suggests that the sediment-feeding behavior largely affected the extent of PAH bioaccumulation in the aquatic organisms. The calculated potency equivalent concentration (PEC) of total PAHs was above the recommended screening value (SV) in US EPA guidelines, suggesting great concern for human consumption. However, estimated excess cancer risk (ECR) induced by dietary exposure only suggests potential cancer risk. The study suggests urgent remediation of the river to safeguard public health. Keywords Water pollution . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Bioaccumulation factor . Biota–sediment accumulation factor . Potency equivalent concentration
Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a major class of extremely hydrophobic organic compounds containing two or more fused aromatic (benzene) rings. PAHs can either occur naturally (e.g., volcanic explosions and forest fires) or through anthropogenic activities (e.g., incomplete combustion of fossil fuel of organic matter, several industrial activities, indiscriminate wastes disposal)
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