Blasting pressure for LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 battery evaluated by thermally adiabatic testing
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Blasting pressure for LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 battery evaluated by thermally adiabatic testing Yih‑Wen Wang1 · Hsiao‑Ling Huang1 Received: 30 April 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract Gas evolution that resulted in the pressure elevation on L iNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC111) battery in case of a runaway reaction was discussed with the thermally explosive behaviors. The NMC111 cell and 2 series-connected (2S) NMC111 module both with 100% SoCs (state of charges) were examined the pressure rise rates in an open-circuit voltage (OCV) state using VSP2 adiabatic calorimetry. The charged NMC111 module underwent an extremely runaway reaction at elevated temperatures and caused a thermal explosion due to high potential energy inside the battery and interaction with the cell components. The surface temperature of the cell during the charge-discharge cycle was measured to compare with the difference in heat accumulation at 0.75, 1, 2 C-rates. Furthermore, the blasting pressure that propagated a thermal explosion for both single cell and 2S module were evaluated. The significant explosion potential increased with the electric potential. Moreover, the considerable quantities of gases eruption from the full-charged batteries can result in battery rupture and flames from a confined battery housing. Keywords Pressure elevation · Thermal explosion · Adiabatic testing · Gas eruption List of symbols cp Specific heat capacity/J g−1 K−1 (dT/dt)ad Self-heating rate under an adiabatic condition/°C min−1 dp/dt Pressure rising rate/psi min−1 E0 Li chemical potential/V Ea Apparent activation energy/eV ∆Eexp Work for a LIB in a runaway reaction/J ∆EOCV Open-circuit voltage/V Edyn Thermal explosion expression/kJ Eiso Isothermal expansion/kJ F Faraday constant/96,487 C mol−1 ∆G Change in Gibbs free energy/J ∆H Enthalpy/J Kp Activity of the relevant chemical stoichiometry k0 Frequency factor/min−1 kB Boltzmann’s constant/8.62e−5 eV K−1 mLIB Mass of the LIB/g p Pressure/psig
p0 Ambient pressure/psig pcr Critical pressure in a turning from thermal runaway to explosion/psig pmax Maximum pressure/psig ∆S Entropy/J K−1 SoC State of charge/% t Time T Temperature/°C or K T0 Apparent onset temperature/°C or K Tmax Maximum temperature from a runaway reaction/°C or K ∆Tad Adiabatic temperature rise/°C or K U Internal energy/J v Volume/m3 W Work/J We Electric work/J WLIB Work within the LIB in case of thermal runaway reaction/J x Degree of conversion α Ionic composition
* Yih‑Wen Wang [email protected] 1
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh‑Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC
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Introduction The Li-ion battery (LIB) plays an essential role in energy conversion that composes more than 90% market share of electrical products because it is widely used for power systems such as electric vehicles (EVs) or power grids that require higher energy density, long lifetime and powe
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