Botulism and Tetanus
Botulism and tetanus are two severe neurological diseases in man and animals. While botulism is characterized by a descendant flaccid paralysis, tetanus consists in spastic paralysis. In the severe forms of both diseases, death occurs by respiratory distr
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duction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Clostridia Producing Botulinum Neurotoxins . . . . . . . . . . 248 Morphological Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Physiological Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Sporulation and Germination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Clostridium tetani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Morphological and Cultural Characteristics . . . . . . . . 251 Genetic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Ecology of Neurotoxin-Producing Clostridia . . . . . . . . . . . 252 In the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 In the Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Genetics of Clostridial Neurotoxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Neurotoxin Gene Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Genome Characteristics of Clostridium botulinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Genetic Diversity of C. botulinum Strains and Botulinum Neurotoxin Gene Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 The Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Neuroexocytosis: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 An Overview of Neurotransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Mechanisms of Exocytosis and SNAREs . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Actin Cytoskeleton and Small GTPases in Exocytotic Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Structure and Mode of Action of Clostridial Neurotoxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Mode of Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Duration of Intoxication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Nonproteolytic Molecular Actions of BoNTs and TeNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Botulism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Main Clinical Forms of Botulism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Clinical Symptoms and Physical Findings During Botulism Pinpoint a Peripheral Action of the Botulinum Toxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Tetanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Dissemination of TeNT and Physical Findings During Tetanus and Poisoning Experiments . . . . . . . . 274 Botulinum Neurotoxin Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Many Potential Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Toxi
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