Cardiac MRI: technical basis
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CARDIAC RADIOLOGY
Cardiac MRI: technical basis Vincenzo Russo1 · Luigi Lovato1 · Guido Ligabue2,3 Received: 8 June 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © Italian Society of Medical Radiology 2020
Abstract Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is an effective method for noninvasively imaging the heart which in the last two decades impressively enhanced spatial and temporal resolution and imaging speed, broadening its spectrum of applications in cardiovascular disease. CMR imaging techniques are designed to noninvasively assess cardiovascular morphology, ventricular function, myocardial perfusion, tissue characterization, flow quantification and coronary artery disease. These intrinsic features yield CMR suitable for diagnosis, follow-up and longitudinal monitoring after treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this paper is to review the technical basis of CMR, from cardiac imaging planes to cardiac imaging sequences. Keywords Cardiac MRI · Sequences · Technique · CMR · Cardiac MR Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is an effective method for noninvasively imaging the heart. The technology has been limited in the past, due to difficulties generated by cardiac motion. But MR technology significantly changed since clinical introduction in late ‘80 s: in the last two decades CMR impressively enhanced spatial and temporal resolution, broadening its spectrum of applications in cardiovascular disease [1]. One of the improvement has been the introduction of fast imaging techniques. Conventional imaging techniques acquire only one line of the k-space per heartbeat, so the TR (Repetition Time) for those pulse sequences is defined by the patient’s heart rate and correspond to the R–R interval. Therefore, several minutes are necessary to acquire an anatomical or cine image dataset, respectively, with conventional spin echo (SE) or gradient-echo sequences. In order to overcome this limitation, fast imaging techniques acquire more than one line of k-space in each heart beat [2], leading to shorter image acquisition times (turbo or fast spin echo or gradient-echo pulse sequences). * Vincenzo Russo [email protected] 1
Cardio‑Thoracic‑Vascular Department, Cardio‑Thoracic Radiology, Cardiovascular Section, AOU Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, 40139 Bologna, Italy
2
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Modena and Raggio Emilia University, Modena, Italy
3
Radiology Department, AOU of Modena, Modena, Italy
More recently, tissue characterization sequences such as those for late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and those for myocardial (T1 and/or T2) mapping have strengthened the versatility of CMR, improving diagnostic capability and accuracy. CMR imaging techniques are designed to noninvasively—and without ionizing radiation—assess cardiovascular morphology, ventricular function, myocardial perfusion, tissue characterization, flow quantification and coronary artery disease. With such intrinsic features, CMR is suitable for diagnosis, follow-up and longitudinal monitoring after treatment of cardiov
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