Changes in foot volume, body composition, and hydration status in male and female 24-hour ultra-mountain bikers
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Changes in foot volume, body composition, and hydration status in male and female 24-hour ultra-mountain bikers Daniela Chlíbková1†, Beat Knechtle2*†, Thomas Rosemann2†, Alena Žákovská3†, Ivana Tomášková4†, Marcus Shortall5† and Iva Tomášková6†
Abstract Background: The effects of running and cycling on changes in hydration status and body composition during a 24-hour race have been described previously, but data for 24-hour ultra-mountain bikers are missing. The present study investigated changes in foot volume, body composition, and hydration status in male and female 24-hour ultra-mountain bikers. Methods: We compared in 49 (37 men and 12 women) 24-hour ultra-mountain bikers (ultra-MTBers) changes (Δ) in body mass (BM). Fat mass (FM), percent body fat (%BF) and skeletal muscle mass (SM) were estimated using anthropometric methods. Changes in total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) were determined using bioelectrical impedance and changes in foot volume using plethysmography. Haematocrit, plasma [Na+], plasma urea, plasma osmolality, urine urea, urine specific gravity and urine osmolality were measured in a subgroup of 25 ultra-MTBers (16 men and 9 women). Results: In male 24-hour ultra-MTBers, BM (P < 0.001), FM (P < 0.001), %BF (P < 0.001) and ECF (P < 0.05) decreased whereas SM and TBW did not change (P > 0.05). A significant correlation was found between post-race BM and post-race FM (r = 0.63, P < 0.001). In female ultra-MTBers, BM (P < 0.05), %BF (P < 0.05) and FM (P < 0.001) decreased, whereas SM, ECF and TBW remained stable (P > 0.05). Absolute ranking in the race was related to Δ%BM (P < 0.001) and Δ%FM in men (P < 0.001) and to Δ%BM (P < 0.05) in women. In male ultra-MTBers, increased post-race plasma urea (P < 0.001) was negatively related to absolute ranking in the race, Δ%BM, post-race FM and Δ%ECF (P < 0.05). Foot volume remained stable in both sexes (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Male and female 24-hour ultra-MTBers experienced a significant loss in BM and FM, whereas SM remained stable. Body weight changes and increases in plasma urea do not reflect a change in body hydration status. No oedema of the lower limbs occurred. Keywords: Body mass, Fat mass, Hydration, Foot volume
Background Ultra-endurance races defined as an event exceeding six hours in duration and lasting up to 40 hours or several days [1] pose specific problems for competitors such as a possibility of lack of fluids [2-6], fluid overload and/or an increase in total body water [4,7-17], sleep deprivation * Correspondence: [email protected] † Equal contributors 2 Institute of General Practise and for Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
[2,18-21], inadequate energy intake [2,15,21-24] or unfavorable conditions like extreme heat or extreme cold [2,5,7,12,16,25,26]. Issues associated with body composition and hydration status include a decrease in body mass in ultr
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