Seasonal changes in body composition and cardiometabolic health biomarkers in professional soccer players: a longitudina
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Seasonal changes in body composition and cardiometabolic health biomarkers in professional soccer players: a longitudinal study Victor Araujo Ferreira Matos1 · Cintia Scheuemann de Carvalho2 · Ana Paula Trussardi Fayh2,3 Received: 19 July 2019 / Accepted: 23 December 2019 © Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Background Variations in body composition and cardiometabolic health biomarkers may affect the physical performance of elite athletes throughout the season. Aims To investigate the changes in body composition, cardiometabolic health biomarkers and food consumption throughout the season of male professional soccer players. Methods Implementing a longitudinal design, sixteen athletes (25.8 ± 3.1 years, 181.0 ± 6.1 cm, 79.2 ± 6.2 kg) underwent anthropometric and biochemical evaluation in three different moments (T0, T1 and T2) every 16 weeks throughout the season and food consumption was evaluated in the end season. Results There was a significant reduction in body fat at the end of the season (T1 vs T2: 11.4 ± 1.5% vs 10.8 ± 1.3%; p = 0.007) and a modest increase in fat-free mass at the same point (T1 vs T2: 48.7 ± 1.4% vs 49.0 ± 1.2%; p = 0.016) with no changes in weight. There was a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose at the end of season (T1 vs T2: 86.6 ± 3.72 mg/dl vs 77.2 ± 4.2 mg/dl; p = 0.000).A reduced hemoglobin concentration was found (T0 vs T2: 15.7 ± 0.8 mg/dl vs 15.0 ± 0.7 mg/ dl; p = 0.008), but no changes in hematocrit were observed during the season (p = 0.955). The food consumption of the athletes presented a reduced intake in cereals and pasta (p = 0.000), fruits (p = 0.026) and vegetables (p = 0.000) at the end of the season. Conclusion Elite soccer players presented modest improvement or sustained values in body composition and cardiometabolic health biomarkers during the season, despite nutritional inadequacies being observed. Keywords Football · Diet · Body fat · Dietary habits · Athletes
Introduction Nutrition is well recognized as an important cornerstone to improve athletic performance, providing energy in adequate amounts and timing during periods of high intensity and/
* Ana Paula Trussardi Fayh [email protected] Victor Araujo Ferreira Matos [email protected] Cintia Scheuemann de Carvalho [email protected] 1
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
2
Methodist University Center, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
3
Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus University, Natal 59078‑970, Brazil
or long duration training to maintain health and maximize training outcomes [1]. Thus, nutritional support should be customized to meet the needs of individual players to ensure that they cope with training and competition. Therefore, it is important for football players to control their dietary patterns, consumed to meet variable daily needs, while also striving to achieve and maintain longer-term body composition, performance
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