Characterization of Exogenous Nitric Oxide Effect on Crocus sativus Response to Different Irrigation Regimes
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Characterization of Exogenous Nitric Oxide Effect on Crocus sativus Response to Different Irrigation Regimes Shokoofeh Hajihashemi1 Received: 17 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Water scarcity is one of the main factors limiting crop production worldwide. The study on response of saffron to irrigation regime showed that one-time irrigation at field capacity of 100% resulted in the greatest number and weight of flower, and dry stigma yield, but weekly irrigation regime at the same conditions prevented flowering process. One-time irrigation regime reduced water potential (Ψw) of plants, while the contents of chlorophylls, carotenoid, anthocyanin, carbohydrates, phenol, amino acid, proline, H2O2, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the one-time irrigated plants were higher than in the weekly irrigated plants. The nitric oxide (NO) donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), significantly increased photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic pigments, metabolites, and antioxidants in both irrigation regimes, with the highest content in the one-time irrigated plants. The SNP treatment increased the flower yield in the one-time irrigated plants, but it could not induce flowering in the weekly irrigated plants. Collectively, these results demonstrated the importance of irrigation regime in flower induction in saffron. Even though the exogenous SNP improved the performance of saffron, it could not overcome the importance of irrigation frequency regime on flowering process. Overall, the SNP application accompanied with the one-time irrigation regime provided higher flower yield and improved the physiological performance of saffron plant. Keywords Antioxidants · Crocus sativus · Flower · Irrigation regime · Osmoprotectants · Sodium nitroprusside Abbreviations APX Ascorbate peroxidase CAT Catalase Chl Chlorophyll FRAP Ferric reducing antioxidant power LDM Leaf dry mass LFM Leaf fresh mass LWC Leaf water content H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide MDA Malondialdehyde NO Nitric oxide ROS Reactive oxygen species RS Reducing sugar SNP Sodium nitroprusside SOD Superoxide dismutase WSC Water-soluble carbohydrates
* Shokoofeh Hajihashemi [email protected] 1
Plant Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, 47189‑63616 Khuzestan, Iran
Introduction Drought is one of the main agricultural limiting factors worldwide, which recently has been receiving high attention to preserve water sources (Kaya et al. 2019a; Kaya 2020a, b, c, d, e, f, g). The rising global water scarcity will suppress the crop production up to 30% compared to the present by 2025 (Kaya et al. 2019a). Agriculture, as a major water consuming industry, is one of the main issues of the twenty-first century demanding new solutions to increase water use efficiency and to reduce water waste. In the farms, a portion of irrigation water wastes through evapotranspiration, especially in arid regions with hot summer. Cultivation of perennial
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