Clinical significance of dust mite allergens
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REVIEW
Clinical significance of dust mite allergens Hui Cao1 · Zhigang Liu1 Received: 17 May 2020 / Accepted: 20 June 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Dust mites are an important cause of allergic diseases worldwide. The traces of Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus can be found all over the world, while Blomia tropicalis are more common allergenic mites in tropical areas. A variety of allergenic components in dust mites have been found, apart from the different positive rates of IgE reactions in dust mite allergic patients, their biological characteristics, effects on the innate immune system, and especially their distribution characteristics in patients are different. Studying the relationship between dust mite allergens and clinical significance will help for diagnosis of patients and formulation of corresponding Allergen Specific Immunotherapy. Keywords Dust mite · Allergen · Clinical significance
Introduction
Dust mites and allergic diseases
In 1964, mites were proved to be the major allergens in house dust [1], and many subsequent studies also confirmed that mites were important inducers of many allergic diseases, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, etc. As many as 20% of the population and up to 50% of patients with allergic diseases have allergic reactions to dust mites [2, 3]. Dust mites contain a variety of allergens, and new components are also being found with the research of dust mite transcriptomics and proteomics [4]. At present, there are as many as 30 allergens found in Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p). With the global trend of high incidence of allergic diseases year by year, the clinical use of allergens for diagnosis and specific immunotherapy (SIT) has been widely studied and recognized [5], and the role of single component allergens in the occurrence and development of allergic diseases has also become one of the research hot-spots [6–9]. This article will focus on the relationship between dust mite allergens and diseases, and will review the research progress of dust mite allergens in recent years.
Studies have shown that Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae are the two most common mites that cause allergic diseases in human beings and are distributed in major regions of the world. It is also most closely related to human’s life [10]. The two mites mainly feed on human and animal dander, so they are mainly found in domestic mattresses, quilt covers, sofas and carpets where dust and dander are easy to accumulate [11, 12]. At every time of the year, it can cause allergic diseases, but the mite allergen exposure will change due to changes in temperature and humidity [13]. The Blomia tropicalis (Blo t) are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, and are the main mites causing allergic diseases in this region because they can adapt to the living environment with high temperature and humidity [14]. Bodies, faeces, eggs and corpse residues of mites can cause sev
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