Coal bottom ash use in traditional ceramic production: evaluation of engineering properties and indoor air pollution rem
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Coal bottom ash use in traditional ceramic production: evaluation of engineering properties and indoor air pollution removal ability Maneerat Ongwandee1,2 · Kan Namepol3 · Kamolchai Yongprapat3 · Sahalaph Homwuttiwong4 · Adisak Pattiya5 · John Morris6 · Orathai Chavalparit7,2 Received: 20 December 2019 / Accepted: 5 August 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Coal bottom ash (CBA) disposed to landfills causes environmental issues. Thus, we used CBA in traditional clay ceramics that had the triple advantage of consuming troublesome waste, adsorbing volatile organics and being decorative indoors, replacing up to 40% by weight of clay with CBA and firing from 700 to 1300 °C. Clay and CBA mixtures were cast, cured at room temperature for 24 h and fired at several temperatures. Firing temperature impacted linear shrinkage, water absorption and fracture toughness, more strongly than CBA mixing proportion. Above 1000 °C, fracture toughness and water absorption resistance was enhanced but shrinkage increased. However, adding CBA lessened the contraction. SEM confirmed complete sintering as clay particles fused as a rigid solid above 1000 °C. X-ray diffraction patterns of ceramics containing CBA showed crystobalite and labradorite, in addition to quartz, due to flux materials in CBA. Leachability tests showed that the CBA ceramics were not ‘toxic’ on the USEPA TCLP regulatory list. Adsorption of gaseous toluene, a representative indoor pollutant, followed a Freundlich model: CBA made the adsorption sites more homogeneous, reduced the interaction mechanisms on the surfaces and thus the Freundlich exponent. Increased CBA increased toluene adsorption by 2–7 times. Keywords Waste utilization · Coal bottom ash · Clay ceramic · Indoor air pollution · Adsorption
Introduction * Maneerat Ongwandee [email protected] 1
Institute of Metropolitan Development, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
2
Research Program: Sustainable Management of Industrial and Agricultural Wastes for Transitioning to a Circular Economy, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
3
Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
4
Division of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
5
Division of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
6
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
7
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Coal combustion is a key energy generator, but generates large volumes of residual ash. Coal ash typically falls into three groups, based on its physical appearance: fly ash, slag ash and bottom ash. Coal fly ash (CFA) is composed of fine particles, ranging in size from 150-μm to 1 mm; it is c
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