Colorless Sulfur Bacteria
Since its recognition in the late nineteenth century, the ability to gain metabolically useful energy from the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds by bacteria has been regarded as of such significance that it has been used as a primary characteristic in
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 Energy and Carbon Sources or Electron Donors . . . . . . . 560 Obligate Chemolithotrophs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 Facultative Chemolithotrophs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 Chemolithoheterotrophs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 Sulfur-Oxidizing Chemoorganoheterotrophs . . . . . . . 561 Electron Acceptors for Aerobic and Anaerobic Growth 561 Ecophysiology as a Function of pH, Temperature, and Nutrient Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 pH Range and Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 Nutrient Availability and Ecological Niches . . . . . . . . . 565 Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 Physiological Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Analytical Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Phylogeny of Colorless Sulfur Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 Molecular Methods to Study the Diversity of Colorless Sulfur Bacteria in Natural Habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 Detection of Colorless Sulfur Bacteria Using Molecular Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 Natural Habitats of Colorless Sulfur Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Gradients in Aquatic Systems and Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Hydrothermal Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Symbiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 Man-made Habitats and Application of Sulfur Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 Waste Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 Combined Sulfide Oxidation and Denitrification . . . . . . 577 Removal of Sulfide as Elemental Sulfur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Removal of Organic Sulfides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 Leaching-Associated Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 The Role of Colorless Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria in the Sulfur Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Cell Counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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