Comparative Thermodynamic Prediction of Integral Properties of Six Component, Quaternary, and Ternary Systems
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NTRODUCTION
SINCE binary Al-Cr and Cr-Ni systems set the basis for a series of multicomponent industrial alloys, they are of great technical and commercial importance. The knowledge regarding the thermodynamic properties of these alloys is required to design and develop reliable materials for high temperatures in technological applications. A great deal of thermodynamic data is available for Cr-Ni system. Mixing enthalpies of these binary melts were determined calorimetrically at some temperatures over 1500 K (1227 °C).[1–5] Thermodynamic activities of Cr in liquid Cr-Ni system were measured via EMF and effusion method at some temperatures mentioned above,[6–8] respectively. Thermodynamic properties of binary Al-Cr system were measured via EMF and isopiestic techniques[9,10] and the experimental data for the enthalpy of mixing of liquid Al-Cr alloys are fairly limited. The Ni-Al-Cr system, the most important one for Nibased super alloys, has been recently well defined.[11,12] On the other hand, quaternary systems of Ni-Al-Cr-X type, where X indicates one of the typical alloying elements such as Co, W, Mo, Ta, and Ti, belong to systems with excellent mechanical properties, namely in the field of high temperature applications and therefore play a significant role among new prospective materials. The Ni-Al-Cr-Co system was studied experimentally and thermodynamically by Broz et al.[13] and they determined the section of quaternary phase ALI DOGAN, Professor, and HU¨SEYIN ARSLAN, Lecturer, are with the Department of Physics, Science and Art Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcuimam University, Avsar Campus, 46100, Onikisubat, Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted May 14, 2014. Article published online May 28, 2015 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
diagram Al-Ni-Cr-Co (Ni = 70 at. pct) with calculated phase boundaries for 1173 K (900 °C). Recently, there have been two studies dealing with thermodynamics of Ni-CrCo-Al and Ni-Cr-Al systems treated by Zivkovic et al.[14,15] The authors applied GSM (Chou’s General Solution Model) model in order to determine the thermodynamic properties of the alloys in question. The behavior of some alloys with a large positive enthalpy of mixing and nearly flat liquid curves observed in the undercooled liquid state were studied extensively in both the Co-Cu systems.[16] On the other hand, the Ni element, easily soluble in both Cu and Co in the liquid phase, should destabilize the liquid demixing in Cu-Co-Ni alloys. Taking this into consideration, the Cu-Co-Ni system was studied by some scholars.[17,18] For several decades, lead alloys have been used in the electronics industry as a primary method to interconnect electronic components. The widespread use of Pb-Sn solders is primarily due to the combination of low cost and convenient material properties. On the other hand, as lead is a highly toxic metal must be removed from different materials in advance,[17,18] particularly electronic ones, despite its wide use in the industry, particularly microelec
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