Comparison between water quality indices in watersheds of the Southern Bahia (Brazil) with different land use
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Comparison between water quality indices in watersheds of the Southern Bahia (Brazil) with different land use Olandia Ferreira Lopes 1,2 & Raildo Mota de Jesus 2,3 & Lucas Farias de Sousa 2 & Felizardo Adenilson Rocha 4 & Daniela Mariano Lopes da Silva 2 & Andrique Figueiredo Amorim 1 & Vinnicius Henrique Cerqueira da Silva 2 & Julio Alejandro Navoni 5 Received: 16 April 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study evaluated the influence of land use and occupation on water quality indices (WQI); the WQI developed by the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), the WQI adapted by the Environmental Company of the São Paulo State (CETESB), WQI proposed by Bascarón and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) WQI, obtained for watersheds located in the Eastern Water Planning and Management Region (BA). The study also analyzed the divergences and similarities of these WQI methods. Water quality data were obtained from the Monitoring Program (Monitora) of Environment and Water Resources Institute of Bahia (INEMA), covering the period from 2008 to 2015, at thirteen (13) sampling sites, with quarterly collections, as well as land use and occupation data. The influence of land use and occupation on water quality indices was assessed by principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA showed that urban and agricultural/pasture areas were influencing factors on water quality variables, such as total phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, turbidity total residues and consequently lower WQI values in the Cachoeira watershed. Among the tested methods to evaluate the water quality of watersheds in the study area, the most similar were the NSF WQI, CETESB WQI, and Objective Bascarón WQI. Keywords Water quality . WQI . Forest remnant . Urban area . Agricultural . Pollution indicators Responsible Editor: Xianliang Yi Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10941-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Olandia Ferreira Lopes [email protected] Raildo Mota de Jesus [email protected] 1
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia (IFBA), John Kennedy, s/n - Loteamento Cidade Nova, Jequié, Bahia 45201-570, Brazil
2
Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, CEP: 45662-900 Ilhéus-Bahia, Brasil
3
INCT de Energia e Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40170-280, Brazil
4
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia (IFBA), Av. Sérgio Vieira de Mello, 3150 - Zabelê, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
5
Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho, 1559, Tirol, Natal, RN, Brazil
Introduction Water quality degradation is one of the main environmental problems deserving attention at the global level (Zielinski et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2020), posing a threat
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