Configurationally analysis of relationships between land-cover characteristics and river water quality in a real scenari
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Configurationally analysis of relationships between land‑cover characteristics and river water quality in a real scenario M. Mirzaei1 · A. Jafari2 · A. Riyahi Bakhtiari3 · S. Mohebbi4 · S. Joorabian Shooshtari5 · H. K. Soureshjani6 Received: 1 December 2019 / Revised: 28 July 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract The composition and configuration of land uses/covers (LULC) have a key role in determining the quality of surface waters. This study investigated the relationships between 207 landscape metrics (LMs) at landscape and class levels and water quality parameters (WQPs) by analytically approach in Mazandaran sub-basins, north of Iran. For this purpose, at first the basic WQPs were identified by principal component analysis (PCA). Then, stepwise linear regression analysis was applied to recognize optimal LMs for estimating each of the WQPs individually. Finally, the effect of the spatial configuration of LULC classes on WQPs and their variability was analytically evaluated by real samples. According to the PCA results, SAR, TDS, pH, PO43−, and NO3− were identified as principal WQPs in Mazandaran Rivers. The results also showed that the interspersion and juxtaposition index of bare lands, related circumscribing circle of agriculture, percentage of the forest, connectivity index of residential, and percentage of agriculture were the optimal metrics for estimating SAR, pH, TDS, PO43−, and N O3− levels, respectively. The metrics at the class level also had more ability to describe the WQPs. In this study, a suitable model for future LULC establishment in Mazandaran Province with the aim of improving effects on surface water quality was proposed. Keywords Land cover/use · Landscape metrics · Surface water quality · Landscape management · Caspian sea sub-basin
Introduction
Editorial responsibility: Zhenyao Shen. * A. Jafari [email protected] 1
Department of Environment, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2
Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
3
Department of Environment, School of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
4
Department of Rangeland, School of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
5
Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Hamedan, Iran
6
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Water quality is a key factor for different water usages, i.e., industrial, agricultural, and residential applications. Land use/cover (LULC) in a watershed has a significant effect on the quality and quantity of water in basin outlet (Nakane and Haidary 2009). Human activities, i.e., developing industrial, agricultural, and residential areas, led to sharp changes in natural landscapes. Consequently, the type and proportion of land use in a basin can be changed during the time. These changes altered the drainage pattern of basin
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