Comparison of measured residential black carbon levels outdoors and indoors with fixed-site monitoring data and with dis
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Comparison of measured residential black carbon levels outdoors and indoors with fixed-site monitoring data and with dispersion modelling Olena Gruzieva 1,2 & Antonios Georgelis 2 & Niklas Andersson 1 & Tom Bellander 1,2 & Christer Johansson 3,4 & Anne-Sophie Merritt 1 Received: 21 April 2020 / Accepted: 16 December 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Epidemiologic studies on health effects of air pollution usually rely on time-series of ambient monitoring data or on spatially modelled levels. Little is known how well these estimate residential outdoor and indoor levels. We investigated the agreement of measured residential black carbon (BC) levels outdoors and indoors with fixed-site monitoring data and with levels calculated using a Gaussian dispersion model. One-week residential outdoor and indoor BC measurements were conducted for 15 families living in central Stockholm. Time-series from urban background and street-level monitors were compared to these measurements. The observed weekly concentrations were also standardized to reflect annual averages, using urban background levels, and compared spatially to long-term levels as estimated by dispersion modelling. Weekly average outdoor BC level was 472 ng/ m3 (range 261–797 ng/m3). The corresponding fixed-site urban background and street levels were 313 and 1039 ng/m3, respectively. Urban background variation explained 50% of the temporal variation in residential outdoor levels averaged over 24 h. Modelled residential long-term outdoor levels were on average comparable with the standardized measured home outdoor levels, and explained 49% of the spatial variability. The median indoor/outdoor ratio across all addresses was 0.79, with no difference between day and night time. Common exposure estimation approaches in the epidemiology of health effects related to BC displayed high validity for residencies in central Stockholm. Urban background monitored levels explained half of the outdoor day-to-day variability at residential addresses. Long-term dispersion modelling explained half of the spatial differences in outdoor levels. Indoor BC concentrations tended to be somewhat lower than outdoor levels. Keywords Black carbon . Routine monitoring . Dispersion modelling . Indoor/outdoor ratio
Introduction Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Olena Gruzieva [email protected] 1
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
2
Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
3
Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
4
Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Stockholm, Sweden
Epidemiological studies of air pollution and adverse health effects mainly rely on temporal or spatial estimates of outdoor levels. The data for temporal analysis are generally obtained from fixed monitoring, assuming that these time-series are representative of the population exposure. Various monitoring studies have suggested that
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