Depression and anxiety levels in patients with temporomandibular disorders: comparison with the general population
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Depression and anxiety levels in patients with temporomandibular disorders: comparison with the general population Louis Simoen 1 & Linda Van den Berghe 1 & Wolfgang Jacquet 2,3 & Luc Marks 4 Received: 11 September 2018 / Accepted: 13 March 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to compare levels of depression and anxiety of a group of patients with orofacial pain attributed to a temporomandibular disorder (TMD) to the general population. Materials and methods Diagnosis of orofacial pain attributed to a TMD was given according the DC/TMD classification system. PHQ-9 and GAD-7 questionnaires were used to respectively screen for depression and anxiety. Scores of these two questionnaires in the study group were compared to the scores of two large population samples representing normative data in the general population. Results Two hundred forty-three patients (191 females and 52 males) were included in the study. Both KolmogorovSmirnov and chi-square testing showed statistically significant higher scores (p ≤ 0.05) for both PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in the study group in comparison with the general population and PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores were strongly correlated. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that screening for depression and anxiety should be considered in the diagnosis of patients with orofacial pain attributed to a TMD. Clinical relevance PHQ-9 and GAD-7 could be used to assist clinicians, without specific training in mental health, to screen for potential signs of existing comorbidity of depression or anxiety disorders in patients with orofacial pain attributed to TMD. Keywords Temporomandibular disorder . Orofacial pain . Depression . Anxiety . Psychosocial
Introduction Louis Simoen and Linda Van den Berghe contributed equally to this work. * Louis Simoen [email protected] 1
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre of Special Care in Dentistry, Unit Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders, Oral Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, P8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
2
Department of Oral Health Sciences ORHE, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
3
Department of Educational Science EDWE-LOCI, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
4
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre of Special Care in Dentistry, Oral Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital , Corneel Heymanslaan 10, P8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
General background Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a heterogenous group of disorders covering pain and/or dysfunction of the muscles of mastication and the temporomandibular joint. Prevalence of TMD is estimated between 4 and 15% of the population and it is the most common cause of non-dental pain in the orofacial region [1–6]. Although the aetiology of TMD is not completely understood, it is regarded to be multifactorial. Psychosocia
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