Corals as substrate for tube-dwelling anemones
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Corals as substrate for tube-dwelling anemones Hellen Ceriello 1,2
&
Gabriel G. Costa 1 & Torkild Bakken 3 & Sérgio N. Stampar 1,2
Received: 27 July 2020 / Revised: 1 September 2020 / Accepted: 4 September 2020 # Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2020
Abstract This study is about seven individuals of Botrucnidifer norvegicus Carlgren, 1912 (Anthozoa, Ceriantharia) that were attached to a stony deep-sea coral, Desmophyllum pertusum Linnaeus, 1758 (Anthozoa, Scleractinia). They were collected during surveys at Agdenes, Trondheimsfjord. We included photographs of live specimens, discussed the implications of this association, and described the species interaction and the behavior of the ceriantharian, which we discussed in light of previously published information. Keywords Anchoring . Association . Behavior . Ceriantharia . Epibiosis . Scleractinia
Introduction The subclass Ceriantharia (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) comprises a group of marine tube-dwelling animals best known as ceriantharians. They are found in soft substrates worldwide and are divided over only three families: Arachnactidae, Botrucnidiferidae, and Cerianthidae (Stampar et al. 2020). Although members of Cerianthidae and Arachnactidae have been more commonly studied, given a number of reports on them addressing morphologic, genetic, and phylogenetic studies (e.g. Hyman 1940; Stampar et al. 2016, 2019; Lopes et al. 2019; Mejia et al. 2019), little is known about their life habits and/or interactions with other species (Ceriello et al. 2020) and their behavior (Rabalais et al. 2001). Likewise, Communicated by B. W. Hoeksema Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01116-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hellen Ceriello [email protected] 1
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Evolução e Diversidade Aquática – LEDA, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, FCL/Assis, Assis, SP, Brazil
2
Departamento de Zoologia, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
3
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University Museum, Trondheim, Norway
studies entirely focused on Botrucnidiferidae are even fewer and infrequent, leaving a knowledge gap concerning this family (Molodtsova 2001). Studies mentioning Botrucnidiferidae date back to the 1800s, when van Beneden (1897) first proposed a classification for Ceriantharia based on their larval forms, in which Botrucnidiferidae was distinguished from other families by a particular internal structure, similar to a grape bunch, later termed botrucnid (van Beneden 1923), and only found in this family. Later, during the 1900s, some studies on Ceriantharia mentioned Botrucnidiferidae (e.g. Torrey and Kleeberger 1909; McMurrich 1910; Carlgren 1912, 1923, 1931, 1951, van Beneden 1924; Leloup 1932), but none was specifically dealing with this family. One century later, studies reporting Botrucnidiferidae have rea
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