Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Groningen Frailty Indicator in Chinese nursing home residents
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Groningen Frailty Indicator in Chinese nursing home residents Wei Xiang1 · Yuanjuan Cheng2 · Zhihui Li1 · Jiaqi Han1 · Kun Li1 Received: 24 January 2019 / Accepted: 14 March 2019 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Abstract Background Frail older people are more likely to develop negative health outcomes. Previous studies have indicated that the Groningen Frailty Indicator is a practical frailty screening instrument with good psychometric properties; however, it has never been implemented in Chinese nursing homes. Aims To cross-culturally adapt and validate the Groningen Frailty Indicator in Chinese nursing home residents. Methods The participants were 192 residents from nursing homes. Reliability was analyzed by internal consistency and test–retest methods. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman rank correlations between the GFI domains and activities of daily living, the mini nutritional assessment, the Mini-mental state examination, the Social Support Rating Scale, the 20-item Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the Short Form 36 mental component summary. Criterion validity was investigated by performing a receiver operating characteristics curve analysis. Results The Chinese GFI achieved semantic, idiomatic, and experiential equivalence. It had a high response rate among nursing home elders. It also showed good internal consistency (ICC = 0.712) and excellent test–retest reliability. Regarding construct validity, it presented good known-group divergent validity based on age. The correlations between the GFI domains and their corresponding measures were consistent as hypothesized, demonstrating convergent validity of the GFI. Using the Fried frailty phenotypes as reference criteria, the Chinese GFI showed satisfactory diagnostic accuracy for frailty (AUC = 0.823) and prefrailty (AUC = 0.791). The optimal cutoff point was 4 for frailty and 3 for prefrailty. Conclusions The GFI was successfully adapted for Chinese nursing home residents and presented acceptable validity and reliability. Keywords Frailty · Instrumentation · Nursing homes · Psychometric
Introduction Populations worldwide are aging dramatically. China has the largest elderly population (143.86 million in 2015) and is classified as one of the most rapidly aging nations in the Wei Xiang and Yuanjuan Cheng Equal contributors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-019-01178-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Kun Li [email protected]; [email protected] 1
School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang street, Changchun, China
Department of Nursing, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang street, Changchun, China
2
world [1]. A major challenge with population aging is frailty, which has a significant impact on health care system [2]. Frailty is a distinctive aging-related health state of increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes and r
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