Current developments in the nanomediated delivery of photoprotective phytochemicals
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Current developments in the nanomediated delivery of photoprotective phytochemicals Nimmy Kumar 1 & Jobin Jose 2 Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 10 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Natural products have been used to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation for decades. Due to the ecotoxicological implications of synthetic sunscreen exposure in aquatic ecosystems, there is a greater need to explore alternative sources of UV filters. Recent research has focused on discovering novel UV absorbing photoprotective molecules from nature. In response to the excessive damage caused by UVB rays, plants induce the production of high concentrations of phytoprotective secondary metabolites and anti-oxidative enzymes. Despite promising UV absorbing and photoprotective properties, plant secondary metabolites have been underutilized in topical delivery due to low solubility and high instability. Numerous phytochemicals have been effectively nanosized, incorporated in formulations, and studied for their sustained effects in photoprotection. The present review outlines recent developments in nanosizing and delivering photoprotective crude plant extract and phytochemicals from a phytochemical perspective. We searched for articles using keywords: “UV damage,” “skin photoprotection,” “photodamage,” and “nano delivery” in varied combinations. We identified and reviewed literature from 43 original research articles exploring nanosized phytochemicals and crude plant extracts with photoprotective activity. Nanosized phytochemicals retained higher amounts of bioactive compounds in the skin and acted as depots for their sustained release. Novel approaches in nanosizing considerably improved the photostability, efficacy, and water resistance of plant secondary metabolites. We further discuss the need for broad-spectrum sunscreen products, potential challenges, and future growth in this area. Keywords Photoprotective . Phytochemical . Nanoparticles . UV
Introduction The solar rays reaching the earth’s surface comprise ultraviolet (UV) rays, visible rays, and infrared (IR) rays. Despite less skin penetrating capacity than visible rays, exposure to invisible UV rays has been linked to an increase in the risk of skin cancer (Bald et al. 2014). Of the UV rays, UVA (400–315 nm) penetrate the deep dermal layers of the human skin; UVB or sunburn rays (315–280 nm) penetrate the epidermal layer, Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Jobin Jose [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmacognosy, NITTE Gulabi Shetty Memorial Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE Deemed-to-be University, 575018 Mangalore, India
2
Department of Pharmaceutics, NITTE Gulabi Shetty Memorial Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, NITTE Deemed-to-be University, Mangalore 575018, India
while the most harmful UVC (280–100 nm) virtually do not reach the earth’s surface as they are absorbed by the ozone layer (Natarajan et al. 2014). Short-wavelength UVB rays have considerably more energy than long-w
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