Designing fine-grained interactions for automation in air traffic control
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Designing fine‑grained interactions for automation in air traffic control Danwei Tran Luciani1 · Jonas Löwgren1 · Jonas Lundberg1 Received: 8 April 2019 / Accepted: 9 September 2019 © The Author(s) 2019
Abstract Our work aims to explore novel approaches to the challenge of designing the interaction between people and automation. Through a case study within the domain of air traffic control, we focus on designing fine-grained human–automation interactions. We design a concept and develop an interactive lo-fi prototype of an assisted sketching system to enable air traffic controllers to interact with automation in a fine-grained manner and to externalize mental images. Assisted sketching seems to offer a possible way to communicate different degrees of predictive certainty using visual cues and interaction. Our insights further suggest that externalization through assisted sketching could encourage exploration of future scenarios, and support communication and collaboration between air traffic controllers and between air traffic controllers and pilots. The explorative benefits for the individual decision-making process might be more evident in situations where air traffic controllers have more time for reflection, for example during planning or debriefing and in educational settings. Keywords Interaction design · Automation · Human automation collaboration · Air traffic control · Research-throughdesign
1 Introduction In this paper, we share our work on designing for automation aiming to enable fine-grained interactions instead of using a turn-taking interaction pattern. To explain our concept of fine-grained interactions, let us use the example of how we interact with a faucet in the bathroom. By turning the handle, we immediately see the amount and feel the temperature of the running water and can thus adjust the flow and temperature to our liking. This would be what we call fine-grained interactions where continuous adjustments can be made to immediately experienced results. Compare that to a hypothetical faucet operating based on a turn-taking interaction pattern that could work something along these lines: on a separate display, numbers are manually entered to indicate the amount of water in liters per second and the temperature in degrees Celsius. A push of a button on the separate display confirms the choices and then the faucet will set the water flow accordingly. Although it is very precise, this * Danwei Tran Luciani [email protected] 1
Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
would probably require several attempts before reaching a desired result for washing hands. The interruptions while waiting for the action of the other party is one of the downsides of turn-taking interaction patterns. The fact that the granularity of turn-taking affects the engagement in the interaction is rather well known in human–computer interaction and has led to design principles such as direct manipulation (Shneiderman 1982) and tight coupling (Ahlberg an
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