Determination of Major, Minor, and Toxic Elements in Tropical Fruits by ICP-OES After Different Microwave Acid Digestion
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Determination of Major, Minor, and Toxic Elements in Tropical Fruits by ICP-OES After Different Microwave Acid Digestion Methods Ayca Karasakal 1 Received: 6 May 2020 / Accepted: 12 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Fruits contain nutrients, minerals, trace elements, vitamins, and phytochemicals that are important in terms of human health. When fruits are consumed in a balanced diet, they have a positive effect with regard to reducing disease risk. As a result of heavy metal contamination of the environment, they can be a potential source of toxic elements so it is important to determine the toxic, essential, and trace elements in fresh fruit and commercial fruit products such as fruit juice, marmalade. This study aims to determine the concentrations of Al, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn, P, and S in tropical fruits (tamarind (Tamarindus indica), star fruit (Averrhoa carambola), golden berry (Physalis peruviana), kumquat (Citrus japonica), dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis)) by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after different microwave acid digestion procedures. The efficiencies of digestion in tropical fruit samples were investigated and compared. Six milliliters of HNO3 + 2 mL of H2O2, 6 mL of HNO3 + 2 mL of HCl, 8 mL of HNO3, 8 mL of HNO3 + 4 mL of H2O2 (30%), 8 mL of HNO3 + 4 mL of HCl, and 12 mL of HNO3 were used for microwave acid digestion procedures. Microwave digestion procedures were applied for the analysis of seventy-two tropical fruit samples purchased in triplicate for each tropical fruit and major, toxic, and minor element contents of tropical fruits were determined. The parameters of the merit evaluated were validated according to limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ), linearity, recovery, and precision. The highest results of LOD and LOQ were found for Ca, K, Na, Mg, and S. The recovery percentages are in the range from 71.01 to 117.31% in tropical fruits. The digestion efficiency was correlated with the residual carbon content, which was determined by total organic carbon analyzer (TOC). Six milliliters of HNO3 + 2 mL of HCl digestion method was chosen as the effective digestion method because of the lowest residual carbon contents and the accuracy results. Keywords Golden berry . Passion fruit . Tamarind . Dragon fruit . Kumquat . Star fruit
Introduction Fruits are beneficial foods for human health because they have minerals, antioxidants, vitamins, and essential fatty acids. The use of tropical fruits has rapidly increased in recent years. The chemical composition of these fruits is important, owing to their toxicological and nutritional properties. For this reason, it is necessary to determine organic and inorganic contents in fruits (Sa et al. 2019). Golden berry (Physalis peruviana L.) is a yellow-orange fleshed berry of great commercial interest on account of nutritional value and bioactive compound content. As well as * Ayca Karasakal
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