Development of a molecular K + probe for colorimetric/fluorescent/photoacoustic detection of K +
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RESEARCH PAPER
Development of a molecular K+ probe for colorimetric/fluorescent/photoacoustic detection of K+ Juewei Ning 1 & Xiangwei Lin 2,3 & Fengyu Su 1,4 & Aihui Sun 5 & Hongtian Liu 1 & Jingdong Luo 6 & Lidai Wang 2,3 & Yanqing Tian 1 Received: 29 May 2020 / Revised: 5 July 2020 / Accepted: 16 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The potassium ion (K+) plays significant roles in many biological processes. To date, great efforts have been devoted to the development of K+ sensors for colorimetric, fluorescent, and photoacoustic detection of K+ separately. However, the development of molecular K+ probes for colorimetric detection of urinary K+, monitoring K+ fluxes in living cells by fluorescence imaging, and photoacoustic imaging of K+ dynamics in deep tissues still remains an open challenge. Herein, we report the first molecular K+ probe (NK2) for colorimetric, fluorescent, and photoacoustic detection of K+. NK2 is composed of 2dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran (TCF) as the chromophore and phenylazacrown-6-lariat ether (ACLE) as the K+ recognition unit. Predominate features of NK2 include a short synthetic procedure, high K+ selectivity, large detection range (5–200 mM), and triple-channel detection manner. NK2 shows good response to K+ with obvious color changes, fluorescence enhancements (about threefold), and photoacoustic intensity changes. The existence of other metal ions (including Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+) and pH changes (6.5–9.0) have no obvious influence on K+ sensing of NK2. Portable test strips stained by NK2 can be used to qualitatively detect urinary K+ by color changes for self-diagnosis of diseases induced by high levels of K+. NK2 can be utilized to monitor K+ fluxes in living cells by fluorescent imaging. We also find its excellent performance in photoacoustic imaging of different K+ concentrations in the mouse ear. NK2 is the first molecular K+ probe for colorimetric, fluorescent, and photoacoustic detection of K+ in urine, in living cells, and in the mouse ear. The development of NK2 will broaden K+ probes’ design and extend their applications to different fields. Keywords Potassium ion probe . Colorimetric detection . Fluorescent imaging . Photoacoustic imaging . K+ fluxes
Introduction Potassium ion (K+) is one of the most abundant electrolytes in biological systems [1]. It plays indispensable roles in many
biological processes, such as nerve transmission, cardiac excitability, and muscle contraction [2–4]. Adequate intake of K+ per day is essential for heart and bone health, and it can lower the risk of strokes, kidney stones, coronary heart diseases, etc.
Juewei Ning and Xiangwei Lin contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02826-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Lidai Wang [email protected] * Yanqing Tian [email protected] 1
Department of Materials Science and Engineerin
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