Development of bioceramic bone scaffolds by introducing triple liquid phases
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nglin Duan State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People’s Republic of China
Ping Wu College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, People’s Republic of China
Dan Gao School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, People’s Republic of China
Pei Feng and Chengde Gao State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People’s Republic of China
Shuping Penga) Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410078, People’s Republic of China; and Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People’s Republic of China (Received 5 May 2016; accepted 13 September 2016)
In this study, a system of triple liquid phases was developed using Li2CO3, Na2CO3, and K2CO3 to improve the densification of the akermanite scaffolds fabricated by selective laser sintering (SLS). The system formed a ternary liquid phase (Li2CO3–Na2CO3–K2CO3) at 399 °C, a binary liquid phase (Na2CO3–K2CO3) at 695 °C, and a unitary liquid phase (K2CO3) at 891 °C during sintering process. The effects of the liquid phases on the sinterability and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were investigated. The fracture toughness and compressive strength is increased by 43 and 152% with liquid phases increasing from 0 to 4 wt%, respectively. This was explained that liquid phases enhanced densification via improving diffusion kinetics and inducing particle rearrangement. In addition, the scaffolds maintained favorable hydroxyapatite (HA) formation ability and cell proliferation ability, which was proved by simulated body fluid (SBF) test and microculture tetrazolium test (MTT), respectively.
I. INTRODUCTION
Bioceramic has attracted much attention due to the outstanding biocompatibility and bioactivity.1–4 However, it is difficult to sinter and densify the bioceramic due to its low self-diffusion coefficient.5,6 So the bioceramic must be sintered at a high temperature for long time to achieve a high densification.7–9 Sintering aids is an effective choice to improve sinterability of bioceramic and obtain dense structures.10–12 As known to all, liquid phase sintering can promote sintering and densification of ceramic.13–15 Contributing Editor: Adrian B. Mann a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2016.356
In general, liquid phase can improve diffusion kinetics and generate a greater capillary force,13,16,17 which promotes the particle slip and further rearrangement thereby achieving rapid densification.18,19 Ramesh et al.14 and Kim et al.20 used Bi2O3 and CaO–P2O5–TiO2–Na2O as trans
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