Development of Conventional Paul Model for Tensile Modulus of Polymer Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites After Percolation T
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04398-9 Ó 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
ADVANCES IN SURFACE ENGINEERING
Development of Conventional Paul Model for Tensile Modulus of Polymer Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites After Percolation Threshold by Filler Network Density YASSER ZARE
1
and KYONG YOP RHEE2,3
1.—Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Interdisciplinary Technologies, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. 2.—Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi 449-701, Republic of Korea. 3.—e-mail: [email protected]
In this paper, Paul’s model is advanced to forecast the tensile modulus of polymer nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNT) above percolation onset. The developed model assumes the CNT network density by CNT aspect ratio (a), percolation onset and CNT density (n). The experimental results from several samples containing a filler network confirm the predictability of the advanced model. However, undesirable results are reported for the samples without the filler network. Also, both a and n directly manipulate the nanocomposite’s modulus above percolation onset, because they positively influence the polymer-CNT interfacial area and network size. The reasonable effects of a, n and percolation onset on the predicted moduli of nanocomposites validate the developed Paul model.
INTRODUCTION Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene with tensile outstanding Young’s modulus,1–3 4–6 and electrical conductivity7–12 have strength, been used as a normal reinforcement in polymers to form nanocomposites.13–28 However, nanoparticles like CNT form aggregates/agglomerates during the synthesis process, which reduce the surface area and disturb the networks.29 So, the required uniform dispersion of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix is actually difficult to achieve with CNT as a reinforcing agent. Among the synthesis methods for polymer CNT nanocomposites, in situ polymerization and solution mixing have many limitations, such as being environmentally contentious, but melt blending is a fast, cost-effective, and clean technique, which has captured considerable attention in previous studies.30,31 Some important applications of polymer CNT nanocomposites include molecular wire and electronics, high strength fibers, sensors, and field emission.32–35
(Received June 3, 2020; accepted September 21, 2020)
The networks of CNT above percolation onset cause the electrical conductivity in polymer nanocomposites.36–38 This means that percolation onset is observed when the nanocomposite characteristics such as electrical conductivity meaningfully increase due to the nets in the polymer medium. Studies in the literature have commonly investigated the percolation threshold by measuring electrical conductivity.39–41 Researchers have attempted to get a low percolation threshold by altering the material and processing parameters. A similar rapid change is also found in the mech
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