Development of measurement instrument for visual qualities of graphical user interface elements (VISQUAL): a test in the
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Development of measurement instrument for visual qualities of graphical user interface elements (VISQUAL): a test in the context of mobile game icons Henrietta Jylhä1 · Juho Hamari1 Received: 20 February 2019 / Accepted in revised form: 28 March 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Graphical user interfaces are widely common and present in everyday human– computer interaction, dominantly in computers and smartphones. Today, various actions are performed via graphical user interface elements, e.g., windows, menus and icons. An attractive user interface that adapts to user needs and preferences is progressively important as it often allows personalized information processing that facilitates interaction. However, practitioners and scholars have lacked an instrument for measuring user perception of aesthetics within graphical user interface elements to aid in creating successful graphical assets. Therefore, we studied dimensionality of ratings of different perceived aesthetic qualities in GUI elements as the foundation for the measurement instrument. First, we devised a semantic differential scale of 22 adjective pairs by combining prior scattered measures. We then conducted a vignette experiment with random participant (n = 569) assignment to evaluate 4 icons from a total of pre-selected 68 game app icons across 4 categories (concrete, abstract, character and text) using the semantic scales. This resulted in a total of 2276 individual icon evaluations. Through exploratory factor analyses, the observations converged into 5 dimensions of perceived visual quality: Excellence/Inferiority, Graciousness/Harshness, Idleness/Liveliness, Normalness/Bizarreness and Complexity/Simplicity. We then proceeded to conduct confirmatory factor analyses to test the model fit of the 5-factor model with all 22 adjective pairs as well as with an adjusted version of 15 adjective pairs. Overall, this study developed, validated, and consequently presents a measurement instrument for perceptions of visual qualities of graphical user interfaces and/or singular interface elements (VISQUAL) that can be used in multiple ways in several contexts related to visual human-computer interaction, interfaces and their adaption. Keywords Measurement instrument · Questionnaire · Aesthetics · Design guidelines · Graphical user interfaces · Adaptive user interfaces * Henrietta Jylhä [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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H. Jylhä, J. Hamari
1 Introduction Aesthetics considerations in computers and other devices have quickly started to garner attention as the means to positively affect usability and satisfaction (Ahmed et al. 2009; Maity et al. 2015, 2016; Norman 2004; Tractinsky et al. 2000). Studies have shown that a user interface with balanced elements promotes user engagement, while a cluttered interface may result in frustration (Jankowski et al. 2016, 2019; Lee and Boling 1999; Ngo et al. 2000; Salimun et al. 2010). Moreover, adaptation within user interfaces has been
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