Diabetes and Covid-19 among hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia: a single-centre retrospective study

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ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION

Cardiovascular Diabetology Open Access

Diabetes and Covid‑19 among hospitalized patients in Saudi Arabia: a single‑centre retrospective study Abdullah M. Alguwaihes1*  , Mohammed E. Al‑Sofiani1,2,3, Maram Megdad4, Sakhar S. Albader5, Mohammad H. Alsari5, Ali Alelayan5, Saad H. Alzahrani6, Shaun Sabico7, Nasser M. Al‑Daghri7 and Anwar A. Jammah1

Abstract  Background:  Information on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized Covid-19 patients with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) is limited in the Arab region. This study aims to fill this gap. Methods:  In this single-center retrospective study, medical records of hospitalized adults with confirmed Covid-19 [RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV2] at King Saud University Medical City (KSUMC)-King Khaled University Hospital (KKUH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from May to July 2020 were analyzed. Clinical, radiological and serological information, as well as outcomes were recorded and analyzed. Results:  A total of 439 patients were included (median age 55 years; 68.3% men). The most prevalent comorbidities were vitamin D deficiency (74.7%), DM (68.3%), hypertension (42.6%) and obesity (42.2%). During hospitalization, 77 out of the 439 patients (17.5%) died. DM patients have a significantly higher death rate (20.5% versus 12.3%; p = 0.04) and lower survival time (p = 0.016) than non-DM. Multivariate cox proportional hazards regression model revealed that age [Hazards ratio, HR 3.0 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.7–5.3); p  90 µmol/l and alanine aminotransferase > 65U/l. Conclusion:  The prevalence of DM is high among hospitalized Covid-19 patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. While DM patients have a higher mortality rate than their non-DM counterparts, other factors such as old age, congestive heart failure, smoking, β-blocker use, presence of bilateral lung infiltrates, elevated creatinine and severe vitamin D defi‑ ciency, appear to be more significant predictors of fatal outcome. Patients with acute metabolic dysfunctions, includ‑ ing hyperglycemia on admission are more likely to receive intensive care. Keywords:  Diabetes mellitus, Covid-19, Mortality, Saudi Arabia

*Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article

Background The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) was first identified last December 2019 from a cluster of Wuhan residents initially diagnosed with pneumonia of unknown origin in Hubei, China

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