Diabetic macular edema grading based on improved Faster R-CNN and MD-ResNet
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Diabetic macular edema grading based on improved Faster R-CNN and MD-ResNet Jun Wu1,2 · Qianqian Zhang1,2 · Mengjia Liu3 · Zhitao Xiao1,2 · Fang Zhang1,2 · Lei Geng1,2 · Yanbei Liu1,2 · Wen Wang1,2 Received: 9 October 2019 / Revised: 22 May 2020 / Accepted: 1 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the main cause of visual impairment in diabetic patients. Early detection of DME will significantly reduce the risk of vision loss for the patients. According to the clinical DME grading standard, the positional relationship between Hard Exudates (HEs) and macular center is an important basis for DME grading. Accurate DME grading is thus predicated on properly locating the macular center and segmenting HEs. HEI-MED and E-ophtha EX data sets were tested by the proposed DME grading method, reaching an average accuracy of 94.4% and 87%, respectively. The proposed method was also tested by comparison against other commonly used methods as per its potential to assist doctors in initially screening DME; it was found to not only improve the efficiency of DME detection, but also to save Optical Coherence Tomography medical resources over the other methods tested. Keywords Diabetic macular edema · Faster R-CNN · Macular center · Hard Exudates · Multi-level feature with deconvolution residual network
1 Introduction Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common causes of secondary blindness [1] and is considered to be one of the most dangerous among all diabetic complications. The first detectable abnormality in the DR patient’s eyes is a typical microaneurysm: an abnormality which represents a local enlargement of retinal capillaries. A ruptured microaneurysm will cause bleeding. Lipids in the plasma flow out of the blood vessels and are deposited in the retina to form Hard Exudates (HEs) [2]. When HEs are located near the macular area, the central vision will be damaged. In the international clinical grading standard, diabetic macular edema (DME) is defined as obvious retinal thick-
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Zhitao Xiao [email protected]
1
School of Electronics and Information Engineering, TianGong University, Tianjin 300387, China
2
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, TianGong University, Tianjin 300387, China
3
State Intellectual Property Office Patent Office Patent Examination Collaboration Beijing Center, Tianjin 100160, China
ening or HEs near the macular area [3]. Direct detection methods determine whether the retina is thickened by means of stereoscopic vision testing or Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) examination [4]. Indirect detection methods involve analyzing the positional relationship between HEs and the macular center based on two-dimensional (2D) fundus image [5]. Before the advent of OCT, there are many image processing methods based on 2D fundus images. Certain preliminary DME screening techniques have been developed in order to prevent DME patients from missing their best possible treatme
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