Diabetic Retinopathy Current Pharmacologic Treatment and Emerging St
A well-illustrated and comprehensive analysis of the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, this book covers current treatment options and guidelines, whilst also providing a detailed discussion of emerging therapeutic targets. Existing therapeutic optio
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Diabetic Retinopathy Current Pharmacologic Treatment and Emerging Strategies
Diabetic Retinopathy
Michael W. Stewart, MD
Diabetic Retinopathy Current Pharmacologic Treatment and Emerging Strategies
Michael W. Stewart, MD Mayo Clinic Jacksonville Florida USA
ISBN 978-981-10-3508-1 ISBN 978-981-10-3509-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3509-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017933287 © Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Adis imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus (DM) currently affects more than 8% of the US population and ranks seventh as a cause of death. Approximately 90% of affected patients have type 2 DM and because of the growing obesity epidemic, which predisposes patients to the development of type 2 DM, the number of affected patients is increasing rapidly. Despite the large number of patients in industrialized nations, the majority of diabetics live in developing countries with the greatest number found in India. The abandonment of traditional foods in favor of westernized diets that are rich in processed carbohydrates and saturated fats has increased the incidence of metabolic syndrome in many of these countries. The number of patients with DM challenges healthcare systems throughout the world with both industrialized and developing countries struggling to manage the global diabetes epidemic. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common neurodegenerative and microvascular complication affecting patients with DM. Comorbidities such as systemic arterial hypertension and hyperlipidemia predispose to the development of DR, but the most importan
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