Dietary habits in women with recurrent idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Dietary habits in women with recurrent idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis Tiziana Meschi1, Antonio Nouvenne1*, Andrea Ticinesi1, Beatrice Prati1, Angela Guerra1, Franca Allegri1, Federica Pigna1, Laura Soldati2, Giuseppe Vezzoli3, Giovanni Gambaro4, Fulvio Lauretani5, Marcello Maggio6 and Loris Borghi1
Abstract Background: Nutrition has been widely recognized to influence the risk of kidney stone formation. Therefore the aim of our study was to assess: a) whether usual diet of women with idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis (ICN) living in Parma (Northern-Italy) is different compared to healthy controls, b) how their diet differs from Italian National guidelines and c) whether it is related to nephrolithiasis clinical course. Methods: 143 women with recurrent ICN (mean age 43 ± 13 ys) and 170 healthy women (mean age 42 ± 11 ys) were enrolled. All women completed a food frequency questionnaire for the last 60-days and a 3-day dietary diary analysed with a dedicated software. Results: Stone formers showed a higher consumption of sausages, ham, meat and sweets than healthy controls (43.1% vs 11.1%, 29.4% vs 13.9%, 21.6% vs 4.2%, 66.7% vs 18.1%, p < 0.001). The 3-day diary analysis showed an intake of calories, carbohydrates, lipids and non-discretionary sodium about 10% higher than healthy controls (p < 0.001). Finally, after dividing the population into 3 age groups (≤30, 31-40, > 40 years), the differences described above were amplified in the class ≤30 years, where nephrolithiasis presented a more serious course (shorter recurrence interval, greater stone-rate). In this age group the intake of fruit and vegetables was notably lower than guideline recommendations. Conclusions: We conclude that the usual diet of women with recurrent ICN is different from controls and characterized by low intake of fruits and vegetables and higher consumption of simple sugars and foods with high protein and salt content. This dietary imbalance could play a role in the ICN pathogenesis, especially in younger women. This work was financed by grants from Italian Ministry of University and Research as part of a larger project about the prevention of kidney stones (PRIN 2005063822) and by Fondazione per la Ricerca Scientifica Termale (FoRST). No potential conflict of interest relevant to this paper was reported. Keywords: Idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis, Diet, Kidney stones, Food frequency
Background Several evidences in medical literature point out that inadequate nutrition has a direct effect on urinary stone risk factors and on the development of kidney stones [1-6]. A high animal protein diet increases urinary calcium, uric acid, oxalate, and phosphorus and decreases urinary citrate and pH, as an effect of a higher intake of * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Parma, Via A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
purine and phosphorus and urinary acidification [7-9]. Similar lithogenic change
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