Dietary SCFAs Immunotherapy: Reshaping the Gut Microbiota in Diabetes
Diet-microbiota related inflammatory conditions such as obesity, autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and gut infections have become a stigma in Western societies and developing nations. This book chapter e
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Dietary SCFAs Immunotherapy: Reshaping the Gut Microbiota in Diabetes Yu Anne Yap and Eliana Mariño Abstract
Diet-microbiota related inflammatory conditions such as obesity, autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and gut infections have become a stigma in Western societies and developing nations. This book chapter examines the most relevant pre-clinical and clinical studies about diet-gut microbiota approaches as an alternative therapy for diabetes. We also discuss what we and others have extensively investigated- the power of dietary short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) technology that naturally targets the gut microbiota as an alternative method to prevent and treat diabetes and its related complications. Keywords
Clinical trials · Diet · Microbiota · SCFAs · T1D · T2D Diabetes is a chronic immune-metabolic disease in which different mechanisms cause insulin deficiency and impaired insulin action, essential for regulating blood glucose levels. A persistent elevation of glucose concentration in the blood, also known as hyperglycemia, can cause damage to Y. A. Yap and E. Mariño (*) Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia e-mail: [email protected]
various organs in the body. If left untreated, individuals with hyperglycemia are at a significantly higher risk of developing life-threatening health complications, including CVD, infections, and kidney failure (International Diabetes Federation 2017). Although the exact cause of diabetes remains undetermined, the interactions between genetic and environmental factors cause inflammation, β-cell damage or dysfunction, and hyperglycemia, leading to the diagnosis of diabetes and with it, an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Many epidemiological studies point to diet as one of the most influential lifestyle factors contributing to the rise of diabetes (Thorburn et al. 2014; Marino 2016). Diet alters the balance of the commensal gut microbiota and the availability and production of microbial metabolites such as SCFAs that can affect many physiological processes. As such, the interplay between the microbiota, metabolism, the immune system, and the nervous system is fundamental in determining the fate of diabetes.
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Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes
Insulin-dependent diabetes, commonly known as type 1 diabetes (T1D), is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that arises from the immunemediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells that produce insulin (Atkinson et al. 2014). High
Y. A. Yap and E. Mariño
concentrations of blood glucose induce classic symptoms of T1D such as increased urination (polyuria) and thirst (polydipsia), and uncharacteristic weight loss. Some individuals may also experience fatigue, increased hunger, diminished visual acuity, and numbness in the hands and fee
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